第一篇:经典电气工程专业英语翻译(外文翻译)
进行中的工程——电力电子技术和可
再生能源实验课程的一体化
摘要
这个正在进行的工作展现了研究工作和教育活动在利用可替代能源的电力电子实验室和可再生能源作为未来经济和社会获得可持续发展的解决方案和基于波多黎各国家实际需要的重要影响的散布推广。这项正在进行的工作主要集中在两个方面:1)电力电子本科生课程实验室的实践操作的集成以及可再生能源的应用。2)本科生关于选定对于可再生能源在一个真实地理区域(例如我们的情况波多黎各)的应用的电力电子拓扑的研究经验。最后,作为我们这篇论文的一个目的,我们希望可以使其他学术机构注意到对于一个电力工程的教学大纲,增加包括电力电子学、可再生能源、和实验教学的课程对于他们国家益处的重要性以及必须性。
关键词:教学工艺、实验室、电力电子学、太阳能、热能
引言
当今世界范围内市场的变化给我们的日常生活带来了巨大的影响。油价每天都在涨,但存储量每天都在下降。同时,人口统计的变化会影响电力设施的可行性,并最终影响到工业在经济上的未来。而且,二氧化碳排放量的减少为电力设备的生产提供了帮助。这就是为什么那么多国家希望集合可再生能源作为他们用持续发展方式发电的作为他们国家政策的一部分。
但是,任何改变电力基本设备的计划和它的国家政策都需要有着传统电力系统、电力电子拓扑结构和可行性的可再生能源方面专业知识的熟练劳动工人。对于任何国家来说,他们的专业机构对于使这个国家具有良好专业知识的熟练劳动工人都扮演着十分重要的角色。这就是对于现在普通的学生(潜在的雇员)只学理论课程并不够的原因;同时,一些实践操作的实验也是必须的!为了达到这个目的,作者做的工作是把一些实际操作实验的一体化策略加入,以吸引和培养合适的电力电子、可再生能源和本科研究领域的ECE学生。
为什么实际操作实验如此重要?
第二篇:电气工程及其自动化专业毕业论文外文翻译
本科毕业设计(论文)
中英文对照翻译
院(系部)工程学院 专业名称 电气工程及其自动化 年级班级 11级2班 学生姓名 蔡李良 指导老师 赵波
Infrared Remote Control System
Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support.Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application.The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit.It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal.The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272.Both chips are made in Taiwan.Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard.The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power.The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information.The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand.Keywords: Infrared dray;Code;Decoding;LM386;Red outside transceiver Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance
Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported.Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.Infrared transceiver products with low cost, small, fast transmission rate, the point-to-point transmission security, not subject to electromagnetic interference and other characteristics that can be achieved between the different products, rapid, convenient and safe exchange and transmission, In short distance wireless transmission have a very distinct advantage.Infrared transceiver products in the portable product of a great role.At present, the world's 150 million piece of equipment used infrared technology in electronic products and industrial equipment.medical equipment and other fields widely used.For example, 95% of the notebook computers on the installation of infrared transceiver interface the majority of the cell phone is also the allocation of infrared transceiver interface.With the exchange of quantitative data, infrared data communications will enable cell phone data transmission more convenient.With infrared data transmission technology matures, perfect, low costs, Infrared Transceiver in short distance communications will be more widely applied.This chapter first describes the infrared transceiver IC design issues to the background and significance.then briefed the infrared data communications technology features and applications, and infrared transceiver product characteristics, domestic and international situation and development trend of the last under infrared remote transceiver system in practical application to establish a task of design orientation.1.2 Infrared Remote Control Transceiver System Infrared remote control system is divided into single-channel and multi-channel remote control.Only a command signal transmission channel, called single-channel remote control system;with more than two instructions signal transmission channel known as a multi-channel remote control system.Relatively simple single-channel remote control, in general, only a launcher directive Key receivers and only one circuit implementation.While in the receiving circuit to add more stable memory circuits that can be activated commands to launch a number of key, so that the receiver circuit multi stable memory circuit repeatedly to change the state, to realize many of the functional control, But such a state of change is the order.If we are to achieve an arbitrary control, resort to the use of multi-channel remote control system.Multi-channel remote control can be realized by the object of arbitrary multi-function remote control.As for the choice of several routes and what control methods, according to the actual situation(such as object, operational requirements and cost accounting, etc.)to decide.General infrared remote transceiver system by infrared remote control transmitter signal coding, infrared remote control signal receivers and decoders(or decoder chip MCU)and the external circuit consisting of three parts.Signal transmitter remote control code used to generate pulses of infrared emission-driven output infrared remote control signal, receiver completion of the remote control signal amplification and detection, plastic and demodulation encoding pulse.Infrared remote control coded pulse is going to obtain a continuous serial binary code, and for most of the infrared transceiver system, This serial code as micro-controller of the remote control input signals from the internal CPU completion of the remote control instruction decoder, on the other infrared remote control transceivers, the designers of electronic products, The internal micro-controller of the remote control decoder directive is not accessible.Therefore, people are using infrared encoder / decoder chip and microcontroller developed various generic infrared remote transceiver system, In various equipment infrared signals between the transceiver.Remote transceiver system generally transmitters and receivers is composed of two parts.Launchers from the general direction keys, coded instructions circuit modulation circuit, driving circuit, firing circuit of several parts.When pressed a key, the directive coding circuit, in the corresponding instructions encoded signal, the encoder signal to the carrier modulation, Driven by the power amplifier circuit after circuit fired from the field after firing instructions coded modulation signals.General receiver by the receiving circuit, the amplifier circuit, demodulation circuits, instruction decoder circuit, driving circuit, circuit implementation of several parts.Receiving Circuit will launch vehicles have been coded modulation signal receiving instructions from, and to enlarge evacuation demodulation circuit.Demodulation circuit will have the coding modulation signal demodulation, namely, reduction of signal coding.The instruction decoder to the encoder signal decoding, Driven by the final circuit to drive the implementation of various instructions circuit to control the operation.1.3 infrared remote control transceiver product profiles 1.3.1 infrared remote control transceiver product structure and type
Currently infrared transceiver in accordance with the mode of transmission rate and can be divided into four categories : Serial mode, the highest rate of 115.2 Kbps;medium-speed model : the highest rate of 0.567 Mbps and 1.152Mbps;High-speed mode : The maximum rate of 16 Mbps.Also according to the size chip power consumption can be divided into low-power consumption and standard two categories, low-power type normally used 3 V power supply, transmission distance closer to about 00.76μm so long little area, and adjacent to the visible light and infrared(including the far infrared, mid-infrared and near infrared foreign)accounts for the spectrum of 0.76 μm10mW).Chinese power(20mW100mW more)three categories.Use different power infrared LED, the allocation should be driven by the corresponding power control.Figure 2-2 by the reflected infrared light-emitting diodes to make produce optical modulation, Drivers only need to add the control of a certain frequency pulse voltage.Infrared transmitter and receiver in the way the two kinds of straight, and the second is reflective.Luminescence pointed straight pipe and tube receiver placed in a relatively controlled and fired on the two ends, a certain distance away from the middle;Reflective means luminescent tube and pipe parallel with the receiving peacetime, without always receiving tube light, luminescence only in possession of the infrared light reflected from encountered, the receiving tube received from the reflected infrared before work.2.2 infrared communication basic tenets
2.2.1 infrared communication Principle
Communication is the use of infrared wavelength of 900 nm-infrared waves from 1000 to serve as an information carrier, through infrared technology between the two close communication and confidentiality of information transmitted.Infrared communication system structure include : part launcher, channel, the receiver part.Launcher source letter issued after the binary signal from the high-frequency modulated infrared LED sent, receiving device regard the reception of high-frequency signals from the infrared receiver tube after receiving further demodulation photoelectric conversion of the original information of a mass communication lose way.Afterwards the former Information received after receiving part of the drive circuit connected to the expected completion of the various functions.To which the modulation coding style pulse width modulation(by changing the pulse width modulated signal PWM)and pulse modulation time(through change the pulse train interval time between the modulation signal PPM)two.2.2.2 infrared communication system elements(1)Launches : Currently there is a infrared wireless digital communications system sources of information including voice, data, images.Its methods of work for the launch of the receiver can be divided into different layout LOS way(Light-of-Sight , intracardiac way), diffuse(diffuse)mode.LOS way directional, it has good channel characteristics such advantages, but the existence of a “shadow” effect.difficult to achieve roaming function.Roaming means the main features of non-directional, and easy to implement roaming function, but its channel quality is better sometimes LOS way.Transmission of signals required for a few of(the sampling was quantified), the general need for baseband modulation, transmission, modulation, sometimes signal source coding, the above-driven signals from photoelectric converter complete optical signal transmission.Infrared wireless digital communications system and its scope of work-for-fired power distribution, the quality of the communication.While using various methods to improve optical transmitter power, the other using spatial diversity, holographic films and so on so diffuse light for the launch of space optical power evenly distributed.(2)Channel : infrared wireless digital communication channel refers to the transmitters and receivers in the space between.Due to natural light and artificial light sources such as light signals in the context of intervention, and the sourceand the digits represent narrow 0.Remote coding pulse signal(PPM code as an example)are usually guided by the code, the system code, the anti-code system, a feature code, functional anti-code signal components.Guide the code name for the initial code, by the width of 9 ms and the margin width of 4.5 ms to the low-level components(different remote control systems in the low-level high width of a certain distinction), remote coding used to mark the beginning of pulsed signals.System identification code is also called code, which used to indicate the type of remote control system, in order to distinguish other remote-control system, prevent the remote control system malfunction.Functional code is also called scripts, which represents the corresponding control functions, Receiver of the micro-controller functions under the numerical code to complete the various functions operating.Anti-code system and function codes are anti-system code and the functional code against code Anti-code can be joined to the receiver synchronization transmission process leads to errors.In order to improve performance and reduce interference power consumption, The remote control will be coded pulse frequency of 38 KHz(for the cycle of 26.3 ms)of the carrier signal pulse reshuffle system(PAM), and then sent to the buffer amplified infrared LED, the remote control signal transmitter away.Address code and data codes are composed of different pulse width expressed that the two narrow pulse “0”;2 pulse width “1”;a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an “F” is the code addresses “vacant.” Is the first part of a group a group of code, each code synchronization between separated.The plan is to enlarge the second half of a group code : a code from 12 AD(the address code plus data code For example, eight address code plus four data code), each with two AD-Pulse's : Pulse said the two “0”;2 pulse width “1”;a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an “F” is the code addresses “vacant.” Realize fired at each fired at least four groups code, PT2272 only twice in a row to detect the same address code plus data code data will be the code “1” is driven The data should be output to drive margin and VT terminal for synchronous serial.红外遥控系统
摘 要
目前红外数据通信技术是在世界范围内被广泛应用的一种无线连接技术,它也可以被许多软硬件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低,体积小,传输速率快,点对点传输安全性好,不受电磁干扰等特点,可使得信息在几个不同产品器件之间快速、便捷、安全地交换与传输。红外数据通信技术在短距离无线传输领域内有着十分显著的优势,红外遥控收发系统的设计和存在具有非常高的运用价值。目前,红外收发器产品在便携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备和仪器是采用红外数据通信技术的,在电子产品、工业设备、医疗设备等领域内使用范围很广。几乎所有笔记本电脑、手机都配置红外收发器接口。伴随着红外数据传输技术的愈发成熟、生产和使用成本下降,红外收发器在短距离通讯领域内将会得到更加广泛的应用。
设计这个系统的目的是用红外线作为传输媒介来传输操作者或用户的操作信息和指令,然后由接收器电路翻译出原信号,主要是利用编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制解调,这其中,编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262,解码芯片是PT2272。它们的主要工作原理是:通过编码键盘可以为PT2262提供输入信息,PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管,再将其辐射到空间,然后再由接收系统接收信号并解调出原始的信息内容,由PT2272对原信号进行解码,从而驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作指令和操作要求。
关键字:红外线;编码;解码;LM386;红外收发器。绪论
1.1 课题研究的背景及意义
目前,在世界范围内,红外数据通信技术是被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术,被许多的硬件和软件平台所支持。是一种通过数据脉冲与红外脉冲之间的相互转换实现无线数据收发的技术。
红外收发器产品具有成本低,体积小,传输速率快,点对点传输安全性好,不受电磁干扰等特点,可使得信息在几个不同产品器件之间快速、便捷、安全地交换与传输。红外数据通信技术在短距离无线传输领域内有着十分显著的优势。
目前,红外收发器产品在便携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备和仪器是采用红外数据通信技术的,在电子产品、工业设备、医疗设备等领域内使用范围很广。几乎所有笔记本电脑、手机都配置红外收发器接口。而且随着交换的数据量变大,红外数据通讯将使手机的数据传输越来越方便。伴随着红外数据传输技术的愈发成熟、生产和使用成本下降,红外收发器在短距离通讯领域内将会得到更加广泛的应用。
本章主要内容是阐述了“红外收发集成电路设计”这个课题的背景和意义,然后简要介绍了红外数据通讯技术的应用特点和领域,红外收发器产品的特点、国内外现状和未来的发展趋势,最后根据红外遥控收发系统在实际操作中应用性确立了本课题的设计定位和方向。
1.2 红外遥控收发系统的简介
红外遥控系统主要分为单通道遥控和多通道遥控。只有一个指令信号传输通道的称为单通道遥控系统;具有两个以上指令信号传输通道的称为多通道遥控系统。单通道遥控相对较为简单 ,通常,发射器只有一个指令键 ,接收器也只有一个执行电路。单通道遥控虽然在接收电路中加入多稳态记忆电路 ,可以根据按动发射器指令键的次数 ,使接收电路中的多稳态记忆电路的状态发生相应改变 ,实现多项功能控制 ,但是这种状态的改变是按顺序进行的。若想要实现任意一项的指定选择控制 ,就需要采用多通道遥控系统。多通道遥控可以对被控对象进行任意的多功能遥控。至于具体选用几个通道及哪种控制方式 ,要根据实际情况(被控对象、操作要求及成本核算等)而定。普通的红外遥控收发系统是由:红外遥控信号编码发送器、红外遥控信号接收器和解码器(解码芯片或单片机)、外围电路等三部分构成。信号发送器可以用来产生遥控编码脉冲,驱动红外发射管发出红外遥控信号。接收器可以对遥控信号进行放大、检波、整形从而解调出编码脉冲。红外遥控编码脉冲是一组组连续的串行二进制码,对于普通的红外收发系统,此串行二进制码作为控制器的遥控输入信号,由它内部的CPU解码遥控指令,对其他各种的红外遥控收发类电子产品的设计者而言,上述的微控制器内部解码出的遥控指令是不能直接使用的。因此,人们利用红外编码/解码芯片及单片机设计出多种通用的红外遥控收发系统,在各种设备之间进行便捷快速的红外信号的收发。
遥控收发系统一般由发射器和接收器两部分组成。发射器一般由指令按键、指令编码电路、调制电路、驱动电路、发射电路等组成。当用户按下相应按键时 ,指令编码电路会产生相应的编码信号 ,编码信号对载波进行调制 ,再由驱动电路进行功率放大后由发射电路向外发射调制完成后的编码信号。接收器一般由接收电路、放大电路、解调电路、指令译码电路、驱动电路、执行电路等组成。接收电路将发射器发射的调制完成的编码指令信号接收下来 ,并进行放大后输入解调电路。解调电路将已调制的编码信号进行解调 ,即还原为编码信号。指令译码器将编码指令信号进行译码 ,最后由驱动电路来驱动执行电路实现各种用户指令的操作控制。
1.3 红外遥控收发器产品概况
1.3.1红外遥控收发器产品的结构和类型
现在,红外收发器按照工作模式和传输速率的不同可分为四大类:串行模式,最高速率为115.2Kbps;中速模式:最高速率为0.567Mbps和1.152Mbps;高速模式:最高速率为16Mbps。
而按芯片功耗大小区分的话又可以分为低功耗型和标准型两类,低功耗型一般需要使用3V电源,传输距离比较近,约为0-30cm,标准型一般使用5V电源,传输距离比较远,最少可达1m以上。
1.3.2红外遥控收发器在国内外的现状
红外通信技术发展早期的时候,存在着好几个红外通信的标准,不同标准的红外设备之间是不能进行红外通信的。为了使各种红外设备能够互通,在1993年,由20多个大厂商发起成立了红外数据协会(IRDA),统一了红外通信的标准,即目前被广泛使用的红外数据通信协议及规范,也就是IRDA标准。自1993年IRDA设定至今,红外数据协会的会员已发展到了150多个,IRDA标准已经获得了业界的广泛支持。已经开发出来的具备红外通讯能力的设备已有一百多种,红外模块的年装机量已达到了一亿五千多万套。尽管现在市面上出现了同是近距离无线通讯的蓝牙技术,但红外通讯技术以其成本低廉和兼容性广的优势,红外数据通讯仍然会在将来的很长一段时间内,在短距离的无线数据通讯领域里扮演重要角色。
由IRDA协会的资料表明,国外公司的红外收发器产品起步比中国早,已形成了红外收发器配套生产的产业链。由以下几部分组成:Sharp等公司主要提供红外发光二极管和光敏二极管;Agilent等公司主要设计制作红外收发芯片;Infineon等公司主要从事红外收发器封装;IBM、Microsoft等公司则推出红外数据收发器驱动程序和红外通信软件。其中如Agilent等公司还具有生产红外收发器系列产品的能力,而HP、IBM等大公司则专门为自己公司产品配备红外收发器。
另外,在中国台湾地区也形成了一批能生产红外收发产品的厂家和公司,但在大陆地区只有这些国际公司和台湾公司的代理商公司在做一些器件的销售,具有我们自己自主产权的该类产品极度缺乏。
1.3.3红外收发器产品未来的发展趋势
在各种不同的红外收发器产品之间,虽然传输速率、传输距离等特性都有不同,但红外收发器产品普遍都朝着提高传输速率,增大传输距离,降低功耗,扩大发射接收角度等目标发展。随着技术的发展和成熟,传输方式正朝着点对多点的方向发展。因此红外遥控收发器产品还有很宽广的发展前景。红外通信的基础知识
2.1红外线的基础知识
2.1.1红外线的概述
红外线实质上是电磁波。通过分析自然界中各种电磁波的组成波可知,波谱是由 :射线,x射线、紫外线、可见光、红外线、微波和无线波组成的。从形式上看,它们之间似乎没有关系,但如果按照他们的波长依次排列,就会发现和我们形影不离的可见光只占了整个波谱中0.38μm-0.76μm长的这么一点儿范围,而和可见光相邻的红外线(包括远红外线、中红外线和近红外线外)却占了波谱中0.76μm-1000μm的一大段。其中微米波长范围内又包括了紫外光、可见光、近红外、中红外、远红外、微波。
从上述分析可知,红外线是一种十分丰富的波谱资源,目前它己在生产、生活、军事、医疗等多方面得到了广泛的应用,例如红外线加热、红外线医疗期间、红外线通信、红外线摄像、红外线遥控等。红外线遥控只是红外线 众多应用中的一部分,目前在家用电器中广泛应用的彩电遥控器、录像机遥控器、VCD遥控器、高保真音响遥控器等,都采用了红外线遥控,它使这些家用电器的控制变得十分简单方便。
2.1.2红外线的特性
红外线是介于可见光和微波之间的一种电磁波,因此它具有相临波的某些特性。在近红外区,它和可见光相邻,因此具有可见光的某些特性,如直线传播、反射、折射、散射、衍射、可被某些物体吸收以及可以通过透镜将其聚焦等。在远红外区,由于它邻近微波区,因此它具有微波的某些特性,如较强的穿透能力和能贯穿某些不透明物质等。在自不论任何物体,然界中,也不论其本身是否发光(指可见光)只要其温度高于绝对零度(-273℃),都会一刻不停地向周围辐射红外线。只不过是温度较高的物体辐射的红外线较强,温度低的物体辐射的红外线较弱。因此红外线的最大特点是普遍存在于自然界中,又叫做热辐射线简称热辐射。红外线摄像、红外线夜市、热释电红外探测以及某些导弹的瞄准等就是利用红外线的这一特性工作的。
红外线和可见光相比的另一个特点是,色彩丰富多样。由于可见光的最长波长是最短波长的1倍(780nm-380nm),所以也叫作一个倍频程。而红外线的最长波长是最短波长的1倍,而红外线的最长波长是最短波长的10倍,即有10个倍频程。因此如果可见光能表现为7种颜色,则红外线便可能表现70种颜色,显示了丰富的色彩。红外线透过烟雾的性能好,这是它的又一个特点。
由于红外线为不可见光 ,因此对环境影响很小。再由红外光波的波长远小于无线电波的波长 ,所以红外线遥控不会影响邻近的无线电设备。另外波长小于 1.5μm 的近红外光 ,在透明大气中的传输特性要比可见光好得多 ,而且由于它靠近可见光的红光边缘 ,其直线传播、反射、折射和被物质吸收等物理特性与可见光非常相似。因此 ,它可以使用与可见光类似的聚焦透镜等光学装置。由于红外线遥控不具有像无线电遥控那样穿过障碍物去控制被控制对象的能力 ,所以 ,在设计家用电器的红外线遥控器时 ,不必要像无线电遥控那样 ,每一套(发射器和接收器)要有不同的遥控频率或编码(否则 ,就会隔墙控制或干扰邻居的家用电器),所有同类产品的红外线遥控器 ,可以有相同的遥控频率或编码 ,而不会出现遥控信号“串门”的情况。这对于普及红外线遥控提供了极大的方便。红外线为不可见光线 ,具有很强的隐蔽性和保密性 ,因此 ,在防盗、警戒等安全保卫装置中也得到了广泛地应用。红外线遥控具有结构简单、制作方便、成本低廉、抗干扰能力强、工作可靠性高等一系列优点 ,是近距离遥控、特别是室内遥控的优选遥控方式。
2.1.3红外发光二极管的特性
红外线是不可见光,人眼是觉察不到的。电子技术中是用红外发光二极管(又称红外发射二极管)来产生红外线。红外遥控收发是利用近红外光传送遥控指令的波长为 0.76μm~1.5μm。用近红外光作为遥控光源 ,是因为目前红外发光二极管与红外接收器件(光敏二极管、三极管及光电池)的发光与受光峰值波长一般为 0.8μm~0.94μm ,在近红外光波段内 ,二者的光谱正好重合 ,能够很好地匹配 ,可获得较高的传输效率及较高的可靠性。常用的红外发光二极管,其外形和发光二极管LED相似,它的基本工作电路如图2-2所示。图中的三极管作开关,当基极上加有驱动信号时,三极管饱和导通红外发光管D也正向导通工作,发出红外光(近红外线约0.93μm)。D的管压降约1.4V,工作电流一般为10-20mA。为了适应不同的工作电压,D的回路中常串有电阻作为红外发光二极管的限流电阻。
发射电路发射红外线去控制相应的受控装置时,其控制的距离与D的发射功率成正比。为了增加红外线的控制距离,红外发光二极管 D应工作于脉冲状态,即工作电流是脉动的。因为脉动光(调制光)的有效传送距离与脉冲的峰值电流成正比,只需尽量提高峰值电流Ip,就能增加红外光的发射距离。提高Ip的方法,是减小脉冲占空比,即压缩脉冲的宽度τ一些彩电红外遥控器,其红外发光管的工作脉冲占空比约为 1/4—1/3;一些电气产品红外遥控器,其占空比是1/10。减小脉冲占空比还可使小功率红外发光二极管的发射距离大大增加。常见的红外发光二极管,其功率分为小功率(1mW—10mW)、中功率(20mW-50mW)和大功率(50mW-100mW以上)三大类。使用不同功率的红外发光二极管时,应配置相应功率的驱动管。由图2-2可知,要使红外发光二极管产生调制光,只需在驱动管上加上一定频率的脉冲电压。
图2-2
红外线发射与接收的方式有两种,其一是直射式,其二是反射式。直射式指发光管和接收管相对安放在发射与受控物的两端,中间相距一定距离;反射式指发光管和接收管并列一起,平时接收管始终无光照,只在发光管发出的红外光遇到反射物时,接收管收到反射回来的红外线才工作。2.2红外通信的基本原理
2.2.1红外通信的工作原理
红外通信是利用波长为900nm-1000nm的红外波作为信息的载体,通过红外技术实现两点间的近距离保密通信和信息的转发。红外通信系统组成结构包括:发射器部分,信道部分,接收器部分。
发射装置把信源发出的二进制信号经过高频调制后由红外发光二极管发送出去,接收装置把接收的红外高频信号由接收管接收后经光电转换再解调为原来信息的一种通信传输方式。再接收到原信息后可在接收部分连接驱动电路以完成预期的各种功能。其中对编码的调制方式有脉宽调制(通过改变脉冲宽度调制信号PWM)和脉时调制(通过改变脉冲串之间时间间隔调制信号PPM)两种。
2.2.2红外通信系统基本组成
(1)发射器部分:目前己有红外无线数字通信系统的信息源包括语音、数据、图像等。其工作方式按发射 器 接 收器的布局不同可分为LOS方式(Light-of-Sight,直视方式),漫射(diffuse)方式。LOS方式是方向性的,它具有信道特性好等优点,但存在“阴影”效应,难于实现漫游功能。漫游方式的主要特点是非方向性,易于实现漫游功能,但其信道质量有时不如LOS方式。需传输的信号经数化后(被采样量化),一般需要进行基带调制、传输调制,有时还进行信号源压缩编码,以上所得电信号驱动光电变换电路完成光信号发射。红外无线数字通信系统的工作范围与其光发射器的光功率空间分布、通信质量有关。一方面采用各种方法提高光发射功率,另一方面采用空间分集、全息漫射片等使其光发射器的光功率空间分布均匀。
(2)信道部分:红外无线数字通信的信道泛指发射器与接收器之间的空间。由于自然光及人工光源等背景光信号的介入,信源以及端设备中电学的、光学的噪声与干扰的影响,红外无线数字通信在有些场合质量较差,此时还需加入信道编码部分。在红外无线通信系统中,由于光信号的反射、散射及背景光噪声与干扰的影响等,红外无线数字信道中存在多径干扰及噪声,这是提高信道质量及进行高速率应用时应解决的问题。红外无线数字通信信道中常使用的光学元件主要有光学滤光片、聚光镜等,它们的作用是:整形、滤波、视场变换、频段划分等,如可用透镜对发射光进行聚焦,利用光学滤光片滤除杂散光,利用透镜扩大光接收机的视场,还可利用光学元件进行链路的频分复用等。红外无线通信信道中的光噪声有:自然噪声(太阳光)及人为干扰(荧光灯灯光)等,可以由调制传输技术及加入滤光片等加以解决。
(3)接收器部分:信道中的光信号由光接收部分实现光电变换,为了去除噪声及码间干扰等功能。红外无线数字通信系统接收部分包括光接收机部分及后续的采样、滤波、判决、量化、均衡和解码等部分。红外无线光接收机常采用放大器,并要求为带宽大、增益高、噪声低、干扰小、频率响应与信道脉冲响应匹配。为了滤去低频噪声及人为干扰需采用带通滤波器。为了获得大的光接收机工作范围及瞬时视场,常采用球形光学透镜。
2.2.3红外通信的特点
无线通信的方式有很多种,利用红外光进行通信具有以下特点: ·频率高,波长短,所发射的能量集中空间传播时的衰减系数小,可保证信号的有效传送;
·红外线是人的肉眼看不见的光线,保密性强,选用它作为信息载体,装置工作时不存在视觉污染,对人体没有伤害;
·传播范围不受局限,不存在频率干扰问题,与无线电波方式相比,不必就频谱资源问题向有关部门进行申请和登记,易于实施;
·具有良好的指向性,当传送设备和红外接收端口排成直线,左右偏差不超过15度的时候,红外装置运行效果最好;
·红外线不能穿过或绕过人和物体,在数据传输时,不能阻断光路; ·目前产生和接收红外信号的技术已经比较成熟,元件体积小,成本低制作简单、易于产生和调制等优势。
2.3红外通信编码的基础知识 通常,红外遥控收发器将信号(二进制脉冲码)调制在38KHz的载波上,经缓冲放大后送至红外发光二极管,转化为红外信号发射出去。二进制脉冲码的形式有多种,其中最为常用的是PWM码(脉冲宽度调制码)和PPM码(脉冲位置调制码)。前者以宽脉冲表示1,窄脉冲表示0。后者脉冲宽度一样,但是码位的宽度不一样,码位宽的代表1,码位窄的代表0。
遥控编码脉冲信号(以PPM码为例)通常由引导码、系统码、系统反码、功能码、功能反码等信号组成。引导码也叫起始码,由宽度为9ms的高电平和宽度为4.5ms的低电平组成(不同的遥控系统在高低电平的宽度上有一定区别),用来标志遥控编码脉冲信号的开始。系统码也叫识别码,它用来指示遥控系统的种类,以区别其它遥控系统,防止各遥控系统的误动作。功能码也叫指令码,它代表了相应的控制功能,接收机中的微控制器可根据功能码的数值完成各种功能操作。系统反码与功能反码分别是系统码与功能码的反码,反码的加入是为了能在接收端校对传输过程中是否产生差错。为了提高抗干扰性能和降低电源消耗,将上述的遥控编码脉冲对频率为38KHz(周期为26.3ms)的载波信号进行脉幅调制(PAM),再经缓冲放大后送到红外发光管,将遥控信号发射出去。
地址码和数据码都用宽度不同的脉冲来表示,两个窄脉冲表示“0”;两个宽脉冲表示“1”;一个窄脉冲和一个宽脉冲表示“F”也就是地址码的“悬空”。
红外遥控发射器发出的红外编码波形,可以明显看到,上半部分是一组一组的字码,每组字码之间有同步码隔开。下半部分是放大的一组字码:一个字码由12位AD码(地址码加数据码,比如8位地址码加4位数据码)组成,每个AD位用两个脉冲来代表:两个窄脉冲表示“0”;两个宽脉冲表示“1”;一个窄脉冲和一个宽脉冲表示“F”也就是地址码的“悬空”。
PT2262每次发射时至少发射4组字码,PT2272只有在连续两次检测到相同的地址码加数据码才会把数据码中的“1”驱动相应的数据输出端为高电平和驱动VT端同步为高电平。
第三篇:电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译
Electric Power Systems.The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world.Electric power systems(or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world.The first complete electric power system(comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system..Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world.With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems.By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent.They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.To keep transmission power losses(I 2 R)and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity.The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L.Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems.In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland.It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive.By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC.By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:
(1)Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus
providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.(2)AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.(3)AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893
——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California.In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized.This poses a problem for interconnection.Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage(HV)class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage(EHV)class.In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330(only in Northwest China)and500 kVforEHVclass.Thefirst750kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China.With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC(HVDC)transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations.The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency.Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers.Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance..Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode.Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation.Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially “in step”.This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to “ rotor angle stability ”
译文:
电力系统
现代社会比以往任何时候更多地依赖于电力供应。如果世界各地电力供应中断了,无法想象世界会变成什么样。电力系统(或电力能源系统),提供电力到现代社会,已成为产业界不可缺少的组成部分。历史上第一个完整的电力系统(包括发电机,电缆,熔断器,计量,加载)由托马斯爱迪生所建——纽约市珍珠街电站,始于1882年9月运作。这是一个直流系统组成蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机,供电范围面积约1.5公里,送给59个客户。他们的负载,其中包括白炽灯,通过地下电缆系统提供110V电压。一个个类似的系统在世界各地大多数大城市运行了数年。随着弗兰克斯普拉格在1884年对马达的发展,电机负载被添加到这些系统,从此开始发展成为世界上最大的产业之一。最初的直流系统被广泛使用,尽管如此,他们几乎完全被交流系统所取代。到1886年,直流系统的局限性也日益明显。他们从发电机提供功率只有很短的距离。
为了保持发射功率损失(I 2 R)和电压下降到可接受的水平,长途输电电压必须高。如此高的电压发电和电力消耗是可以接受的,因此,电压转换有一个方便的手段成为了必要。法国的L.巴黎戈拉尔和JD吉布斯发展了变压器和交流输电并引领了交流电力系统。1889年,在北美波特兰和威拉梅特大瀑布之间的俄勒冈州第一次实施交流传输线。这是一个单相线路传输为4,000伏,超过21公里距离的系统。随着交流的发展多相系统由尼古拉特斯拉,成为更具吸引力的。在1888年,尼古拉特斯拉取得多项交流专利,包括电动机,发电机,变压器和输电系统。西屋公司购买了这些早期的发明专利,并形成了现在交流系统的基础。19世纪90年代,有很大的争议在于直流或交流电力行业是否应该统一。到了世纪之交时,下面的原因使交流系统赢过了直流系统:
(1)交流系统电压水平可以很容易地改变,从而提供了传输的灵活性,发电用不同的电压和消费。
(2)交流发电机比直流发电机简单得多。
(3)交流电机的马达比直流简单且便宜得多。
首次三相交流电线1893年投产于北美南加州-1根 2300V,12公里长的线路。在电力传输初期交流频率并不规范。有许多不同频率在使用:25,50,60,125,和133赫兹。这对互连的问题。最后北美的60赫兹标准获得通过,虽然
50赫兹在许多其他国家仍在使用。较长的距离越来越需要大量的电压传输这激励了他们逐步使用高压。为了避免电压增殖数值无限,业界标准了电压水平。在美国,标准是115,138,161,和230千伏的高电压(高压)类,345,500和765千伏级的特高电压(超高压)。在中国,各级使用电压为10,35,110级高压,220,330(仅在西北)和500千伏超高压类。第一个750 kVtransmission线将在不久的将来建在中国西北地区。随着交流/直流转换设备的发展,高压直流(HVDC)传输系统已经成为更具吸引力和经济性的特殊情况。高压直流输电可用于输入大块输电和长距离输电,并提供不同系统间的异步连接,因为在交流联网系统间是不切实际的,因为稳定考虑,或因为系统间不同的频率。基本要求到电源系统是提供一个客户可接受的电压和频率不间断的能源供应。由于电力无法用简单和经济的方法大量储存,电力的生产和消费必须同时进行。系统在任何阶段的故障或误操作可能导致给客户的电力供应中断。因此,一个正常的电力
系统能连续运行提供可靠的电力供应给客户是至关重要的。电力系统稳定,可广泛定义为干扰财产的权力系统,可继续经营的状态下正常运行的平衡条件和后向遭受恢复一个可以接受的平衡状态。在电力系统的不稳定可能会表现在经营方式和多种不同的方式上,这取决于系统配置。传统上,稳定性问题一直是一个保持同步运行最主要的问题。由于电力系统的发电电力,一个令人满意的系统运行的必要条件是,依靠同步电机都留在同步或通俗的“步骤”。这一方面是受稳定的发电机转子的动态角度和功角的关系,然后提到“转子角稳定”。
第四篇:测绘专业英语论文外文翻译
The measurement of the surveying and mapping in mine Since the seventy s, as the electronic technology and laser technology development, the type of surveying and mapping instruments with electronics(such as range finder, electronic tachometer, gyroscopes)to the traditional surveying and mapping instruments methods produced profound effect.In satellite remote sensing, global positioning system, as a representative of the space on earth observation technology in surveying and mapping application in the science of mature, computer technology, system scientifically based geographic information system and application for the emergence of surveying and mapping information source of access, analyze, management, processing and application fully provide strong technical support, automation and intelligence of surveying and mapping system is already in investigation, therefore we can say, the modern mapping technology is undergoing a profound revolution.Mining of measuring technology of an important application field, in the vast coal, metal mines, nonferrous mine production process played an important role.Mine survey of modern task is: in mine exploration, design, development and production of the different stages of the operation of the ground and underground mining area, the space, resources,(in mineral and land resources and environment are mainly)information acquisition, storage, processing, display and use for reasonable and effective development resources, protecting the resources, protecting the environment, management, industrial and environmental services for the continuous development of the station.In order to realize its modern task, mine measurement must be making full use of modern surveying and mapping instruments and techniques, put the advanced modern technology with mine surveying the actual work, specific characteristics, and the combination of broaden the living space mine survey and business scope, promote the reform and development of mine survey, adapt to the market economy system and mining system reform needs.Electronic tachometer, space information technology, the inertial measurement system and other modern surveying and mapping instruments have been in mine survey technology is used to further development and are constantly.This paper to modern surveying and mapping instruments of the development of the technology and its application in mine.1、Electronic tachometer and its application in mine survey: Electronic tachometer as the most widely used surveying and mapping instruments, is electronic technology and optical technology development of the combination of the photoelectric measuring instrument, is also set range finder, electronic advantages in a wide range of instruments, application prospects, the intelligent electronic tachometer is currently the biggest selling surveying and mapping instruments, is also the main future development direction.Intelligent electronic tachometer is with light, electricity and magnetism, machine of the latest scientific achievements, set the location, measuring Angle for the integration of advanced instrument.The international advanced electronic tachometer are on a memory card, internal memory or electronic hand book way, way of double record data transmission communication function, can receive external computer instruction by the computer input data, also can to outside the computer output data.The international advanced electronic tachometer have Japanese SOKKIA POWERSET series production of electronic tachometer and SET5F, SET6F, SET5W electronic tachometer, Swiss produces the TCA100 and TCA1800 electronic tachometer, Japan NIKON DTM-A series of electronic tachometer, etc.Our country has just south of the surveying and mapping instruments company production NTS-200 series electronic tachometer.Electronic tachometer has set up a file in the engineering survey, mine surveying, cadastral etc a wide range of applications, its development and application is in rapid developing.Electronic tachometer because and has the advantages of transit and range finder, and provide measurement results in digital form, its simple operation, stable performance, data can be through the electronic hand book and the computer to carry on the advantages of communication in the mine in the measurement of a wide range of applications.The ground control survey, topographic, engineering surveying all available is, contact measurement, the measurement work can also be used inunderground i To as a representative of the intelligent, digital instrument is minesurveying instrument one of the development direction in the future.Based on theelectronic tachometer and the modern computer technology can establish a mine 3 d data to be automatic collection, transmission,processing of mine surveying dataprocessing system, instead of traditional hand book records, manual entry, detailed calculation of repetitive work.In addition, electronic tachometer in mine surfacemovement monitoring, land reclamation project implementation, mine construction aspects also have been applied, each big ore measurement organizations are to instead of traditional instruments for routine measure the work, not only improves the efficiency, picked up speed, and reduced the development, and to ensure the accuracy
2、Space information technology and its application in the measurement of the mine.The core of spatial information technology and the subject is the “3 S” technology(Remote Sensing:RS)、(Global Positioning System GPS)、(Grographic Information System:GIS)Remote sensing including satellite remote sensing and remote sensing, remote sensing data topographic map surveying as the important means in practice has a wide range of applications, satellite remote sensing for mapping is also mine of study and has made some significant results, based on remote sensing data to build digital terrain model(DTM)and then used in surveying and mapping work has won more applications.GPS as a cause of surveying and mapping in the traditional concept of major change technology, has become a main technology of land measurement method, also is the most potential mobile technology, in mine measurement, control survey, project survey, environment monitoring, disaster prevention and reduction of the navigation transport plays a significant role.Because not only have all-weather GPS, high precision and high flexibility, and the advantages of the traditional measuring technology without strict control, compared the level measurement, don't take points between depending on the point, without the need to build standard, there is no error accumulation, the three dimensional positioning etc, and in the field measurement model, error sources and data processing to the traditional concept of surveying and mapping is a revolutionary change.The geographic information system as the geographical distribution of space of therelevant data collecting, processing, management, analysis of computer technology system, and its development and application of surveying and mapping the development of science is of great significance, is the modern mapping technology of important technical support.With “3 S” integration or integrated as the leading technology of space information system has gradually become the surveying and mapping learning or the earth informatics new technology system and the work pattern, its advanced nature, timeliness obvious.With the space information technology for technical support, modern surveying and mapping instruments, technology is in rapid development in.The measurement of the remote sensing technology in the mines application has experienced a long time, and has accumulated rich experience.For remote sensing, it can be used as remote sensing data mining on the data topographic map surveying data source, like a piece of correction, through visual interpretation, field adjustable draw the work, complete the topographic map surveying and mapping.Compared with the traditional mapping method, using remote sensing data of mapping speed, low cost, high precision, it is a kind of application very extensive mapping method.Remote sensing in mine measurement of the applications of the key theory and technology also is in the investigation.Application of remote sensing data mining area, can obtain real-time, dynamic and comprehensive information source, to the mining area environment monitoring of the mining area environment protection to provide decision support.Remote sensing data mining area for prospecting, geological conditions, roof and floor of coal seam in such aspects as research has been applied, all these, explains the application of remote sensing technique in mining measurement is mine surveying realize its modern task important guarantee.GPS technology in the measurement of the mine is mainly applied to replace traditional ground surveying and mapping work.Using GPS technology such as mining surface movement monitoring, hydrology monitoring, mining area control elevation hole net establishment or measure, reform, GPS receiver with performance to price has been rising, and its application in the measurement of mine work the ground has become a part of the modern mine survey is an important support technology.Used in mining area the geographic information system is for mine geographical information system, or called mine material source environment alinformation system(MRIES).MREIS has become the important developing direction mine survey.With mining area environment resources information system as a platform to all kinds of measurement techniques for data acquisition approach, can build a collection of data acquisition, processing, management, analysis and output in one of the automation, intelligent technology system, as the sustainable development of mining decision support system.Mine survey MREIS work is to establish the fist work, and to create a MREIS mine surveying is an inevitable trend.Therefore, the GPS in the mining area is first applied used in a mine measurement information system established measurement, and then based on this establish the mining area environment information system resources.Space information technology is mine surveying realize its modern task of important technical support and guarantee, “3 S” technology and other measuring instrument technology on the basis of the organic combination of the mining area environment information system is the spatial data information technology in mine survey of the applications of the comprehensive results.3.the inertial measurement system and its application in the measurement of the mine The inertial measurement system(Inertial ISS)is a kind of navigation and positioning technology, have all-w, autonomous, fast can flexible and advantages, the earth measurement, engineering surveying and mining measure the work of automation and versatility provided another kind of new technology.It is to use the principle of inertial navigation, and earn geodetic data(longitude and latitude, elevation, azimuth, gravity anomaly and vertical deflection, etc.)of a kind of technology system.ISS can be divided into two categories: platform utility system and type system in the field of surveying and mapping, ISS main application target includes:(1)control measure, such as the existing control point review, encryption, and aerial control, etc.;(2)pipeline monitoring, orientation, crustal deformation, the surface subsidence observation;(3)underground positioning, all kinds of engineering and construction measure;(4)earthquake, gravity survey, geophysical research;(5)shaft and cans of vertical way beam of monitoring, etc.GPS/ISS combination system is to meet high precision navigation and positioning of the development direction of the request.This combination system can make the GPS and the performance of theISS, can get a lot of complementary to the whole land measurement model dataprocessing, and make sure that 3 d coordinate and the positioning and the precision of the navigation unstable, and increased significantly.The inertial measurement system in mine to the measurement of the Lord is applied in application in themeasurement of the application, the activities of the underground measurement, and of course the ground also has been applied in many fields, such as stated above.ISS in mines in China, the application in the measurement of work is to carry out in-depth,continue to develop.With GPS + ISS combination system used in mines measurement is a promising a technologyFour other new technology in the new instrument of surveying and mapping application to the measurement of the mineOther modern surveying and mapping instruments, such as laser point to meter, the gyro th, digital levels and related technology are all mine surveying and mapping measurement is used, and with the instrument technology as the foundation, formed many mining measurement instrument, as mine survey for the application of modern instruments and techniques.Mine survey as a cross subject, the development and the progress and the mining technology and the development of the mining project, measuring instruments and equipment of science and technology and the development of other subjects like mathematical science, computer science, etc, the development are closely related.Modern mapping technology is based on the electronic technology, space technology, optical technology, computer technology based on comprehensive technology, and has the intelligence, automation and so on a series of advantages.Modern science and technology, the rapid development of surveying and mapping can surely promote the further development of mine survey.With modern technology, mining engineering surveying and mapping technology and related science and technology as the foundation, the mine survey will form and collect data acquisition, processing, management, transmission, analysis, expression, application, output for the integration of intelligence, automation technology system for mine resources, environmental information system establishment provide fundamental material, promoting mine sustainable development.测绘在矿山测量中的发展
七十年代以来,随着电子技术和激光技术的发展,光电结合型的测绘仪器(如测距仪、全站仪、陀螺仪)对传统的测绘仪器方法产生了深刻的影响。以卫星遥感、全球定位系统为代表的空间对地观测技术在测绘科学中的应用日趋成熟,以计算机技术、系统科学为基础的地理信息系统的出现和应用为多源测绘信息的获取、分析、管理、处理及其充分应用提供了有力的技术支持,自动化、智能化的测绘系统已处于研究之中,因此可以说,现代测绘技术正在经历着一场深刻的革命。矿山测量技术的一个重要应用领域,在广大的煤矿、金属矿山、有色矿山等的生产过程中发挥着重要的作用。矿山测量的现代任务是:在矿山勘探、设计、开发和生产运营的各个阶段,对矿区地面和地下的空间、资源、(以矿产和土地资源为主)和环境信息进行采集、存储、处理、显示、利用,为合理、有效地开发资源、保护资源、保护环境、治理环境服务,为工矿区的持续发展报务。为了实现其现代任务,矿山测量必须充分应用现代测绘仪器和技术,将先进的现代技术同矿山测量的实际工作、具体特点相结合,拓宽矿山测量的生存空间和业务范围,促进矿山测量的改革和发展,适应市场经济体制和矿山体制改革的需要。全站仪、空间信息技术、惯性测量系统等现代测绘仪器技术均已在矿山测量中得到了应用并正在不断向纵深发展。为此本文对现代测绘仪器技术的发展及其在矿山测量的应用进行系统的分析和研究,以使矿山测量更好地服务于矿山可持续发展。
现代测绘仪器、技术及其在矿山测量中的应用: 1 全站仪及其在矿山测量中的应用:
全站仪作为当前应用最为广泛的测绘仪器,是电子技术与光学技术发展结合的光电测量仪器,也是集测距仪、电子经纬仪的优点于一体的、应用前途广泛的仪器,智能化的全站仪是目前销量最大的测绘仪器,也是今后发展的主要方向。智能型全站仪是集光、电、磁、机的最新科学成果,集测距、测角为一体的先进仪器。国际上先进的全站仪均以存储卡、内部存储器或电子手簿的方式记录数据,具有双路传输的通讯功能,能接收外部计算机的指令,由计算机输入数据,也能向外部计算机输出数据。目前国际上较先进的全站仪有日本SOKKIA生产的POWERSET系列全站仪及其SET5F、SET6F、SET5W全站仪,瑞士Leica公司生产的TCA100及TCA1800全站仪,日本NIKON的DTM-A系列全站仪等。我国目前仅有南方测绘仪器公司生产的NTS-200系列全站仪。全站仪已在工程测量、矿山测量、地籍测量等领域得到了广泛的应用,其发展及应用正处在飞速发展之中。全站仪由于兼具有经纬仪和测距仪的优点,且以数字形式提供测量成果,其操作简便、性能稳定、数据可通过电子手簿与计算机进行通讯等优点使其在矿山测量中得到了广泛的应用。地面控制测量、地形测量、工程测量均可利用全站仪进行,联系测量、井下测量工作也可用全站仪进行。以全站仪为代表的智能化、数字化仪器是矿山测量仪器今后的发展方向之一。基于全站仪和现代计算机技术可建立矿山三维数据自动采集、传输、处理的矿山测量数据处理系统,取代传统的手簿记录、手工录入、繁琐计算等大量的重复性的工作。此外,全站仪在矿山地表移动监测、矿区土地复垦工程实施、矿区施工等方面也都得到应用,各大矿的测量机构正在以全站仪取代传统的仪器进行日常的测量工作,既提高了效益,加快了速度,又减少了开发,保证了精度。空间信息技术及其在矿山测量中的应用:
空间信息技术的核心和主体是“3S”技术,即遥感(Remote Sensing:RS)、全球定位系统(Global Positioning System: GPS)、地理信息系统(Grographic Information System:GIS)。遥感包括卫星遥感和航空遥感,航空遥感作为地形图测绘的重要手段已在实践中得到了广泛的应用,卫星遥感用于测图也正在矿究之中并已取得一些意义重大的成果,基于遥感资料建立数字地面模型(DTM)进而应用于测绘工作已获得了较多的应用。GPS作为一项引起传统测绘观念重大变革的技术,已经成为大地测量的主要技术手段,也是最具潜力的全能型技术,在矿山测量、控制测量、工程测量、环境监测、防灾减灾以及交通运输工具的导航方面发挥着重要的作用。由于GPS不仅具有全天候、高精度和高度灵活性的优点,而且与传统的测量技术相比,无严格的控制测量等级之分,不必考虑测点间通视,不需造标,不存在误差积累,可同时进行三维定位等优点,在外业测量模式、误差来源和数据处理方面是对传统测绘观念的革命性转变。地理信息系统作为对空间地理分布有关的数据进行采集、处理、管理、分析的计算机技术系统,其发展和应用对测绘科学的发展意义重大,是现代测绘技术的重大技术支撑。以“3S”一体化或集成为主导的空间信息技术体系已逐渐成为测绘学或地球信息学(Geoinformatics或Geomatics)新的技术体系和工作模式,其先进性、时效性明显。以空间信息技术为技术支撑,现代测绘仪器、技术正处于快速的发展之中。遥感技术在矿山测量中的应用已经历了较长的时间,并积累了丰富的经验。对于航空遥感来说,航空遥感资料可作为进行矿区地形图测绘的资料源,通过象片校正、目视判读、野外调绘等工作,完成地形图的测绘。较之传统的测图方法,利用遥感资料进行测图速度快、成本低、精度高,是一种应用极为广泛的测图方法。航天遥感在矿山测量中应用的关键理论与技术也正处于研究之中。应用遥感资料,可获取矿区实时、动态、综合的信息源,对矿区环境进行监测,为矿区环境保护提供决策支持。遥感资料用于找矿、矿区地质条件研究、煤层顶底板研究等方面都已得到应用,所有这些,都说明遥感技术应用于矿山测量是矿山测量实现其现代任务的重要保证。GPS技术在矿山测量中的应用主要是取代传统的地面测绘工作。如利用GPS技术进行矿区地表移动监测、水文观测孔高程监测、矿区控制网建立或复测、改造等。随着GPS接收机性能价格比的不断上升,其应用于矿山测量工作的地面部分已成为现代矿山测量的一项重要支撑技术。应用于矿区的地理信息系统即为矿区地理信息系统,或称为矿区资料源环境信息系统(MRIES)。MREIS已成为矿山测量的重要发展方向。以矿区资源环境信息系统为平台,以各种测量技术为数据获取的途径,可以建立集数据采集、处理、管理、分析、输出于一体的自动化、智能化的技术系统,作为矿山可持续发展的决策支持系统。矿山测量工作是建立MREIS的前提性工作,而建立MREIS则是矿山测量发展的必然趋势。因此,GPS在矿区应用首先就是应用于矿山测量建立矿山测量信息系统,然后以此为基础建立矿区资源环境信息系统。空间信息技术是矿山测量实现其现代任务的重要的技术支撑和保证,以“3S”技术和其他测量仪器技术的有机结合为基础的矿区资料环境信息系统就是空间信息技术在矿山测量中应用的综合性成果。惯性测量系统及其在矿山测量中的应用:
惯性测量系统(Inertial Surveying System: ISS)是一种导航定位技术,具有全天候、自主式、快速多能和机动灵活等优点,为大地测量、工程测量和矿山测量作业的自动化和全能性提供了另一种新的技术手段。它是利用惯性导航的原理,以同时获取多种大地测量数据(经纬度、高程、方位角、重力异常和垂线偏差等)的一种技术系统。ISS可分为两大类:平台式系统和捷联式系统,ISS在测绘领域的主要应用目标包括:(1)控制测量,如对已有控制点的检核、加密、航测控制等;(2)管线监测、定位、地壳形变、地表沉陷观测;(3)井下定位,各种工程和建筑测量;(4)地震、重力测量,地球物理研究;(5)井筒和罐道梁的垂直性监测等。GPS/ISS组合系统是满足高精度导航和定位要求的发展方向之一。这种组合系统可使GPS与ISS的性能得到很多互补,能够以整体大地测量模型进行数据处理,同时确定三维坐标和大地水准面,使定位和导航的精度稳定,且显著提高。惯性测量系统在矿山测量中的应用主是在矿山井下测量中的应用,进行井下测量的各项工作,当然其在地面也有广泛的应用领域,如前文所述。ISS在我国矿山测量中应用的工作尚未深入开展,有待继续发展。以GPS+ISS组合系统应用于矿山测量则是较有发展前途的一项技术 4 其他测绘新仪器新技术在矿山测量中的应用:
其他的现代测绘仪器如激光指向仪、陀螺经纬仪、数字式水准仪及相关的测绘技术等都在矿山测量中得到了应用,并以这些仪器技术为基础,形成了许多矿山测量的专用仪器,作为矿山测量应用的现代仪器和技术。结论:
矿山测量作为一门交叉性学科,其发展和进步与采矿技术和矿业工程的发展、测量科学技术与仪器设备的发展、其它学科如数理科学、计算机科学等的发展密切相关。现代测绘技术是建立在电子技术、空间技术、光学技术、计算机技术等基础上的综合性技术,并具有智能化、自动化等一系列优点。现代测绘科学技术迅猛发展,必然会促进矿山测量的进一步发展。以现代测绘技术、矿业工程技术和相关科学技术为基础的矿山测量,必将会形成集数据采集、处理、管理、传输、分析、表达、应用、输出为一体的智能化、自动化的技术系统,为矿区资源环境信息系统的建立提供基础性的资料,促进矿山可持续发展。
第五篇:新闻专业外文翻译
传播起什么作用
新闻与传播学院新闻07-1班武刚
我们是传播的动物;传播渗透到我们所做的一切事情中。它是形成人类关系的材料。它是流经人类全部历史的水流,不断延伸我们的感觉和我们的信思渠道。由于我们已实现从月球进行宽波段通讯联络,我们目前正在寻求同其它世界的其它生物进行交谈。传播是各种各样技能中最富有人性的。
但是,让我们更清醒地推敲一下这个说法。传播究竟能为我们做些什么,我们又利用传播做了什么?
这个问题乍听起来,好象问别人“为什么要吃饭?”或“为什么要睡觉?”一样愚蠢。我们吃饭是因为我们饥饿。我们睡觉是因为我们困倦。我们喊叫“救火!”是因为房子正在燃烧。我们说“对不起!”是因为我们碰撞了别人.
对我们说来,传播是一种自然而然的、必需的、无所不在的活动。我们建立传播关系是因为我们要同环境、特别是我们周围的人类环境相联系。正如上文引用的萨皮尔所写的那段话一样,社会是一个主要由传播所维持的这类关系组成的网。对一名观察者说来,传播就象血液流经人的心血管系统一样流过社会系统,为整个有机体服务,根据需要有时集中在这一部分,有时集中在另一部分,保持接触和平衡以及健康,我们已经习惯于生活在传播的汪洋大海中,以致于很难设想要是没有传播.我们将怎样生活。
不妨设想一个没有传播的社会是一个什么样的国际社会?近几年里,美国和中国之间的官方保持着毫无表情的沉默,但是却通过许多渠道进行了交流:经由大众媒介发表各种声明、采取显然是要转达讯息的政治行动、通过第三国彼此收集对方的情报。甚至有必要在中立国家安排大使级的“非官方”会议。双方交换了各种各样特殊的使节,如乒乓球运动员,通过他们,一个国家的高级官员能够异常坦率地向另一个国家的人民发表讲话。
在没有传播的情况下,群体社会又是什么样的社会呢?西多会有一个“沉默的”苦修会教派的寺院禁止交谈,但不禁止传播。僧侣们只有靠无数的行动传播:一瞥或一笑,行政管理行动,按日程办事,遵守成员们通过虔诚的行动互相交流的某种承诺和信仰上的团结一致。假定有一个隐士从人间世界退隐到他在山里的洞穴去冥思。他试图避免与他人交流,除非是有人来向他求教。但是,沉思冥想这个行为本身就意味着内心的传播。这个隐士是在挖掘自己过去储存的信息,加上从他的脱离人的环境所得到的信息,不断思考,自己同自已讨论。他是在同自己的每日祈祷书和自己的书籍进行交流,而旦在某种意义上说,是在同所有那些对他起过影响的思想进行交流。他的退隐到山洞是向全体人类传播一个讯息。而且他可能象圣方济一样同鸟类交谈。
因此,即使是在极其罕见的情况下,传播也照样在进行着。平时我们的大多数人对此是无意识的,除非有时自我意识到它。一名专业人员对于自己正在为一家杂志写的文章也许是很有自我意识和自我批评的。一个政治家对于自己正在背诵的演讲可能是有自我意识的。但是生活漫无目的的孩子们却是自然而然地发出和接受汛息,以他们整个有机体表现举止行动,不太考虑怎样做这种行动。他们知道喊一声“爸爸”和后来知道讲话时用‘请”字会受到父母的奖赏,但是即使这种表现也是自然形成的。他们喜欢看电视和回忆他们最喜欢的节目。他们到学校去,对自己必须写的作文题变得有点自我意识,或者就一个小伙子来说,对于第一次给一个姑娘打电话变得有点自我意识。但是,除非他们讲话有缺陷,或者是耳聋,或者其它某种痛苦的困难,他们都是以他们自然学会的方式进行传播,利用他们摸索学会的举止
来带来他们想取得的结果。
即使在儿童长大为成年人而且变得比较意识到传播的影响和以不同方式进行传播的后果时,他们也仍然觉得难以用言词描述为什么他们耍象他们所做的那样进行传播。几年前,纽约的报馆罢工,伯纳德?贝雷尔森利用这个机会对一批纽约人进行抽样调查,问他们在没有报纸的情况下感到失去了什么。他的目的当然是试图找出为什么他们读他们所读的东西。但是,这些人甚至很难说出他们失去了什么。他们可能列举出他们不再收到的一些服务性情报——如天气预报、电影上映时间表、晚间广播节目等——但是使他们烦恼的主要并不是因为失去这些情报。
许多人担心他们正在失去某些对自已有重要意义的具体情报:回答问题的好几位年纪大的人认为自己有些朋友可能死了而自己却一点也不知道。还有感到比较恼火的是隐隐约约觉得自己生活中好象缺少什么东西。有的人说,失去了“同世界的联系,失去了被接触的感觉”,或者简单地说少了“某件我每天都做的事”。这项调查的最重要发现也许是了解到读报行为已多么充分地纳入人们的日常生活中,这种传播行为已成了多么自然的事,以及最初采用传播的理由已多么深深地消失在过去的阴影中。
这就是为什么难以用言词说明“传播起什么作用”的一个原因,另一个原因是利用传播的各种理由往往是非常复杂而且不一定能从表面看出的。还有一个原因是明显(有意)的传播的功能,并不始终考虑潜伏(无意)的传播的功能。这是罗伯特.默顿说的话,实际上,他的意思是,传播的实际后果并不始终是有意的后果。例如,提醒别人可能患癌症的结果也许不是引导别人去体检,而是把他们吓得不敢去医院。见面时高兴地对人说一声“早上好”可能不是导致友谊。而是引起别人怀疑打招呼的人是想借钱。最后由于我们关于传播功能的分析大部分不得不从外部进行,我们发现自己总是试图看到黑匣子的里面。
但是,我们每人至少能看见一上黑匣子的里面,那就是我们自己的黑匣子。你进行传播的目的是什么?我为什么要传播?
今天早上我从家里走出来,看见一个穿运动衫的人,我朝他笑笑说“早晨好”。如果有人真的照字面译成新几内亚的部族语言可能会有困难。我不是说这是一个“好的”——就是说不错的——一早晨吗?不,这是一个天气恶劣的早晨,下着滂沱大雨,水从山上冲下来,几乎使我浸泡在水里。我是不是就象我们说“吉样的星期五”一样从某种道义上的角度谈起这个早晨的好呢?不,这一天跟其它日子一样。我是不是祝愿他有一个“好”—一就是说愉快的——早晨呢?在某种程度上有这个意思,但是他看上去完全能够安排他自已的早晨,而事实上我感到相当恼火的是因为他能够在海边度过这个早晨,而我却必须去上班。那么我同他说话的意思究竟是什么呢?我能够作出的最合理的解释是,我是在履行我们自己的部族礼仪。我是在向他传播,我属于他的群体,属于他的文化,不是一个外人,不是一个反叛者,也不是一个威胁。换句话说,我是在证实一种惬意的关系。
他向我说“你今天早晨好吗?”我怀疑他很关心我的健康。他是在做我刚才在做的事情——传播社会成员资格和某种程度的友谊。他期望我会说“很好”,我也的确这么说了。事实上,他们似乎是在向我们周围投射社交雷达射束,好比船只在雾中航行或飞机依靠仪器飞行一样,证实我们的身份以及在雷达屏上出现的别人的身份,证实我们在一个友好的文化群体中的成员资格,做着我们早就知道要我们去做的事。那些把人类关系说成是“晚间经过的船只”的作家,并不是描述我们最密切最亲密的关系,而是描述我刚才谈起的那种接触。而它们占了我们生活中的接触的很大一部分。尽管如此,传播对我们说来们起到雷达的作用,是说明身份的信号,也是预警系统。或者至少在一名观察者看来是如此。
再举个例子:在烟雾缭绕和大家闲聊的鸡尾酒会上,一位年青人问一位漂亮姑娘,“抽烟吗?”表面上,他是在问她要不要抽支烟。实际上,他是在传播兴趣,而且毫无疑问希望
她以同样的方式作出反应。他以问她要不要抽烟的方式传播自己在一种文化中的成员资格,他大概希望她以取一支烟的方式,或者至少以微笑谢绝方式,来证实她的成员资格,而不会因为她不赞成抽烟或认为男青年不应未经介绍就同姑娘说话而打他一记耳光。换句话说,这个局面同我们刚谈起过的局面是一样的:雷达、证明身份、预警。如果这个姑娘作出良好的反应。他接着要问的问题很可能是,“我在什么地方见过你吗?”实际上,这个问题同他究竟见没见过她是毫无关系的,这是一种搭讪,以便再多了解她一点,也许是要估计一下这个偶然的相识是否可能成为持久的相识。换句话说,雷达行为与手段行为合并了。再举个例子,我通常在每天傍晚六点钟左右听到教堂的钟声。我倾听钟声是因为很难做到不予理会,还因为它们的声音悦耳,同日落的景色和傍晚的荫影很调和。钟声使我产生一种满足和温暖的感觉。此外,钟声对我起了报时作用。如果我还在工作的话,那么是开始考虑作一次傍晚的游泳和喝一杯鸡尾酒的时候了。黄昏渐渐开始,是回顾我曾经制订的计划或答应的约会的时候了。此外,钟声提醒我.宗教是我所属的文化的一个组成部分,此刻,我的一部分邻居正在祈祷。钟声还在我脑海中构成令人悦目的图象:教堂、烛光、风琴、无伴奏齐唱乐和态度谦虚的人。
圣玛丽教堂通过那些钟声试图传播什么呢?它正在号召信徒做礼拜。但是,参加那个特定仪式的大多数人,有的也许是听到钟声来的,有的也许没有听到钟声就来的。钟声的目的也是要传播某种人们可以得到的精神援助,假如有人需要这种钟声所象征的精神援助的话。钟声的目的也许是要让我这样的罪人听到,提醒我们注意我们的宗教义务,尽管我们很难得进圣玛丽教堂。圣
玛丽教堂的钟声也许还在传播,它自已是一种古老和光荣的传统的一员,这种钟声作为这个传统的标志已整整好几个世纪。
因此,传播行为的全部意义是难以从表面上看出来的。每一个传播行为,每一个传播者和接受者,都各自有一套目的和原因。但是,我们不能满足于那种解释。传播行为相似之处多于不同之处。人类传播起什么作用,理应得到更系统的解释。
出处:[美]施拉姆《MEN,WOMEN,MESSAGES,AND MEDIA:UNDERSTANDING HUMAN COMMUNICATION》第二章,17-21页.