研究生英语考试办法

第一篇：研究生英语考试办法

二、关于研究生学位英语课程教学和考试

没有获得研究生学位英语课程免修资格的研究生都必须参加课程学习，课程分为网络自学和课堂面授二部分，研究生必须参加这二部分的学习，不可缺一。

网络自学部分请登陆浙江大学研究生院网站网上课程“研究生英语学习中心”。该中心以提供听力、阅读、词汇、翻译、写作等基本技能为主，供学生自学。相关教师也会及时进行网络在线答疑。

课堂面授部分每学季（秋或春季学期）8次课、共32学时构成。主要内容讲授英语实际运用策略，为学生提供对话、交流的练习机会。课堂面授参考书目为《研究生英语：公众演讲》（方凡陈伟英主编，浙江大学出版社出版。）。课堂面授选课请登陆研究生院选课系统进行。每学季（秋或春季学期）课堂面授结束后紧接着的下一学季（冬或夏季学期），研究生参加学校统一组织的研究生英语水平过关考试。过关考试包括二项测试，即研究生英语笔试（机考）和面试；二项测试都通过者，才能获得研究生学位英语课程2学分。具体规定如下：

1．参加研究生英语笔试（机考）需另行网上报名。每学年冬或夏季学期，研究生根据研究生院网上公布的笔试（机考）时间报名参加研究生英语笔试（机考）。笔试总分60分，考试时间80分钟（其中听力20分钟，其余部分60分钟。）。笔试题型如下：听力15分（选择9题，短文2篇6题；1分/题。），词汇10分（共20题，0.5分/题。），阅读20分（4篇共20题，1分/题。），完形填空15分（1篇15题，1分/题。）。

2．每学季（秋或春季学期）课堂面授结束后，在紧接的下一个学季（冬或夏季学期）同一时间段的某一时间参加英语面试（以上一学季研究生网上选课的班级为单位，具体时间以研究生院网上公布为准。）。面试总分40分，具体的操作流程和评分标准详见附件。

3．研究生英语水平过关考试通过标准：笔试（机考）成绩不低于36分，面试成绩不低于24分，总分以二项合计为准。二项成绩均达标才能获得研究生学位英语课程成绩，并获2学分。

4．研究生英语水平过关考试补考：（1）若研究生英语面试成绩24分以下，笔试成绩36分以下，表示笔试（机考）及面试二项测试均达不到过关要求，重新参加下一轮的研究生英语网上选课及考试；（2）若研究生英语面试成绩24分以下，笔试成绩36分以上（含36分），表示未通过研究生英语水平过关考试中的面试部分。系统将保留笔试成绩，研究生需再次参加日常的英语教学班及面试部分补考，若面试补考通过，则总成绩=补考后的面试分 +原笔试分，并获得研究生英语学分。（3）若研究生英语面试成绩24分以上（含24分），笔试成绩36分以下，表示末通过研究生英语过关考试中的笔试部分。系统将保留面试成绩，研究生不用参加日常的英语教学班及面试考试，只需参加研究生英语过关考试中的笔试部分（具体报名时间见网上通知），若笔试补考通过，则总成绩=补考后的笔试分+原面试分，并获得学分。（4）在学期间仍未通过学校研究生英语考试的研究生，也可以不参加学校的研究生英语教学及考试，直接参加大学英语六级、托福、雅思等考试，达到学校规定的免修分数线，在以后的学期初上网申请研究生英语免修，并在规定时间内到研究生培养处现场确认英语免修，获得学分。

三、关于专业外语、基础英语二外

博士研究生（含直接攻博研究生）要求指定选修1门专业外语，专业外语由所在学院、学科、导师根据实际需要灵活安排。

基础英语二外只供小语种一外（德、日、法、俄）的研究生选修，其中小语种一外的博士研究生必修。

附件：研究生英语面试操作流程、评分标准

研究生培养处

二○一○年二月二十二日

附件：研究生英语面试操作流程、评分标准

一、面试组成部分

面试总分为40分，由二部分组成：平时分（10分）＋口试分（30分）。平时分由任课教师决定，口试分以参加口试的三位教师给分的平均值为准。考生的最终面试成绩由学校研究生英语教学组在统筹全校各班成绩（包括平时分、口试分、总分等）的基础上进行微调确定。

二、平时分具体内容及评分标准（总分10分）

到课率 4

上台演讲表现 3

课堂参与活动表现

3三、口试操作流程

1．每个学生的口试先后顺序由各班任课教师在秋季或春季面授课的最后一次确定；同时任课教师给出一系列主题，由学生抽签选择，教师登记每个学生的口试主题；

2．每个学生在口试前必须准备好自己所抽中主题的大约5分钟的PPT展示；

3．口试教师由三人组成，考核程序如下：

（1）每个学生单独进行口试，学生自我介绍和教师的热身问题1分钟；

（2）学生在规定的5分钟内展示和解说自己准备好的PPT；

（3）三位教师针对PPT和学生的解说提出问题，一般来说，每位教师都必须提出问题，学生当场进行回答，提问时间大约为10分钟；

4．教师在口试统一评分标准基础上，给出各自的分数，每位教师都应认真参照评分标准进行打分，并签字。考生的口试分为三位教师给分的平均值；

5．在不影响考试进程的基础上，允许其他考生进入面试考场观看考试过程，做到考试的公开性和公正性；

四、口试具体内容及评分标准（总分30分）

口试包括三部分内容：自我介绍/热身；PPT展示讲解；自由问答。具体评分标准如下：

第一部分：自我介绍/热身（总分5分）

5分 3分 1分

发音（指语音语调、语气、重音、声音大小）虽有母语痕迹，但发音清晰，易懂，流畅，抑扬顿挫。由于母语痕迹使某些词不易懂，有些读音错误，但基本还能让人明白。发音古怪，读音错误严重，语调生硬，不流畅，让人听不懂。

准确性（指语法、用词和说话方式）语法虽有个别错误，但基本能清楚表达意思，句子结构较复杂，词汇丰富。语法错误较多，有些意思表达不清，句子简单，用词单调，但对熟悉话题还是能够表述。表达令人费解，基本语法和句子结构出错，缺乏用于交流的词汇。

流利度（指表达语速、句式变化等）偶有停顿，总体流畅，句式变化长短适中。时有停顿，基本流利，句式简短。停顿很多，表达磕巴，句子破碎。

交流能力（指谈话方式、语言反应力和灵活性等）能对老师的提问迅速反应，偶有提示即能

领会意思，并流畅切题地予以回答。有时需要老师提示才能明白问题，回答问题时不流利，简单，但基本切题。需要老师几番提示才能明白问题，不能及时回答问题，甚至答非所问。

第二部分：PPT展示讲解（总分10分）

7—10分 4—6分 1—3分

PPT编写展示 PPT内容语言错误少，编排清晰，要点突出，视觉效果好。PPT内容语言错误较多，但编排还算合理，视觉效果一般。PPT内容语言错误严重，编排简单潦草，有时令人费解。

发音（指语音语调、语气、重音、声音大小）虽有母语痕迹，但发音清晰，易懂，流畅，抑扬顿挫。由于母语痕迹使某些词不易懂，有些读音错误，但基本还能让人明白。发音古怪，读音错误严重，语调生硬，不流畅，让人听不懂。

准确性（指语法、用词和说话方式）语法虽有个别错误，但基本能清楚表达意思，句子结构较复杂，词汇丰富。语法错误较多，有些意思表达不清，句子简单，用词单调，但对熟悉话题还是能够表述。表达令人费解，基本语法和句子结构出错，缺乏用于交流的词汇。

流利度（指表达语速、句式变化等）偶有停顿，总体流畅，句式变化长短适中。时有停顿，基本流利，句式简短。停顿很多，表达磕巴，句子破碎。

注：讲解PPT时，不可以照着PPT内容或对着稿纸逐字进行宣读，如考生违反规定，口试教师有权终止考生的PPT讲解部分，甚至考生的后续口试。

第三部分：自由问答(总分15分)

12—15分 7—11分 1—6分

发音（指语音语调、语气、重音、声音大小）虽有母语痕迹，但发音清晰，易懂，流畅，抑扬顿挫。由于母语痕迹使某些词不易懂，有些读音错误，但基本还能让人明白。发音古怪，读音错误严重，语调生硬，不流畅，让人听不懂。

准确性（指语法、用词和说话方式）语法虽有个别错误，但基本能清楚表达意思，句子结构较复杂，词汇丰富。语法错误较多，有些意思表达不清，句子简单，用词单调，但对熟悉话题还是能够表述。表达令人费解，基本语法和句子结构出错，缺乏用于交流的词汇。

流利度（指表达语速、句式变化等）偶有停顿，总体流畅，句式变化长短适中。时有停顿，基本流利，句式简短。停顿很多，表达磕巴，句子破碎。

交流能力（指谈话方式、语言反应力和灵活性等）能对老师的提问迅速反应，偶有提示即能领会意思，并流畅切题地予以回答。有时需要老师提示才能明白问题，回答问题时不流利，简单，但基本切题。需要老师几番提示才能明白问题，不能及时回答问题，甚至答非所问。

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第二篇：研究生英语考试题型..

2012级研究生英语考试题型及复习要点

一、选择题（20%）

1.选择适合的词或词组使句子完整。（10%）参考课文A 词汇练习。

2.选择适合的词与句中划线词或词组意思相同或相近。（10%）参考课文A。

二、填空题(10%)

主要用小品词（particle)填空使句中的短语完整。参考课文A

三、改错（10%）

语法，词汇错误，指出并改正。参考课文A。

四、翻译（30%）

每单元课文A抽一句。长短不一。

五、短文分析（30%，每篇短文6%）

短文主题分别涉及男女差异、英语未来、国际经济、知识产权、艾滋病等。其中一篇来自学过的课文A中的片段，其余四篇来自网络。要求根据短文内容，回答提出的问题，阐明自己的观点。每篇短文分析不能少于100单词。

第三篇：河南大学研究生学位英语考试复习题

1.he thinks he can learn skills from good habbies 2.Stephen learns to be systematic from his hobby

3.Roy's real interest in fishing is sitting alone and doing nothing

4.The farmer has held on to his hobby even though he met with great difficulties 5.She thinks every addiction is as bad as the other

1.Husband and wife

2.A vacation is even more exhusting 3.The woman is packing for her bus tour 4.The bus was too worn out and uncomfortable 5.3 hours or so

1.He is at a job interview 2.He suggests the woman keep trying until she gets it right 3.To receive assistance from the teacher 4.He wants to keep learning all his life 5.The man's idea is not feasible at all

1.The woman is unhappy about too many advertiseements on Tv 2.He is interested in the history of cities shown in pictures 3.It is about personality evident in an individual's gestures 4.The man is a Brazilian 5.He wants to make his baby stronger

1.She didn't go to the party yesterday

2.The engine started as soon as they got on the plane 3.Jason can take the test on another day 4.Cheer up and you would be able to get a job soon 5.He was criticized by the woman's mother all the way.1.How to protect water and trees in nature 2.It is a good idea for people to make voluntary contributions 3.Louisiana tornado killed 50 people

4.He feels it necessaryto use animals in medical researches 5.The two speakers have different opinions about the biggest pollution problem

1.Michael jordan is both a person's name and a trademark 2.He is a successful businessman

3.He succeeded quickly by working hard

4.Yao ming's team should not have lost in the first round 5.A way to keep energetic in life

英译汉

1.But today fewer of us do our living in that one place;more of us just use it for sleeping.Now we call our towns “bedroom suburbs,” and many of us, without small children as icebreakers, would have trouble naming all the people on our street.然而，如今的情况是居住和工作都在同一个地方的人极少，对更多的人来说家成了一个仅仅用来睡觉的地方。我们的居住地被叫做“近郊居住区”，由于没有了孩子像过去那样起到沟通邻里关系的作用，许多人感到要叫出跟我们同住一条街的所有人的名字来是件不容易的事。

It’s not that we are more isolated today.It’s that many of us have transferred a chunk of our friendships, a major portion of our everyday social lives, from home to office.As more of our neighbors work away from home, the workplace becomes our neighborhood.这不是说我们今天被分得更开了，而是好多人已经把部分的友谊和大部分的日常社交生活从家里转移到了办公室。随着越来越多的人走出家门去工作，工作的地方就变成了我们的街区。

If our offices are our new neighborhoods, if our professional titles are our new ethnic tags, then how do we separate ourselves from our jobs? Self-worth isn’t just something to measure in the marketplace, But in these new communities, it becomes harder to tell who we are without saying what we do.如果办公室真的彻底变成我们的社区，如果我们的所从事的行业真的彻底变成我们的种族印记，那我们怎样才能把自己和工作区分开来呢？自我价值并不是只有在市场环境中得到体现的。但是在这些新的社区中，如果不先说明我们是从事哪行哪业的，就越来越难以说清楚我们究竟是谁。

2.Recently the Washington Post printed an article explaining how the appliance manufacturers plan to drive consumer insane.最近《华盛顿邮报》刊登了一篇文章，解释家用电器制造商是如何谋划把消费者逼疯的。

Of course they don’t say they want to drive us insane.What they say they want to do is have us live in homes where “all appliances are on the Internet, sharing information” and appliances will be “smarter than most of their owners.” For example, the article states, you could have a home where the dishwasher “can be turned on from the office” and the refrigerator “knows when it’s out of milk” and the bathroom scale “transmits your weight to the gym.”

当然制造商们并没有说他们想把我们逼疯，他们说他们想做的是让我们生活在“所有电器通过互联网实现信息共享”的住宅里。而这些电器比“大多数主人聪明的多”。例如，文章说到你可以拥有这样一个家：洗碗机“可以从你办公室启动”，电冰箱“知道何时牛奶喝完了”，浴室磅秤可以“把你的体重传送到健身房”。汉译英

1.对自己有耐心。人们常问，“什么时候这种可怕的痛苦才会结束？”专家们反对时间期限的限制。“大体上，你少则需要6个月才能开始感觉好点，”阿若诺夫说。“也有可能长达一年，或是两年。这很大程度上取决于你的性格、周围亲友的支持、以及是否得到帮助并借此战胜痛苦。”

Be patient with Yourself.People often ask , “When will this terrible pain stop?” Experts resist being pinned down to time frames.“Roughly, it’s a minimum of six months before you even start to feel better,” says Aronoff.“And it can be as long as a year, possibly two.A lot depends on disposition, the support within your environment, and if you get help and work on it.”

因此，对自己宽容些。认识到你将需要一定的时间，而且你自己的康复节奏可能和别人不一样。在走出悲痛中每前进一步都要祝贺自己：“我还活着，我已经撑到现在了。”

So, be easy on yourself.Recognize that you’ll need time, and that your own pace of recovery may not fit with that of others.Congratulate yourself at each step through grief: I’m still here, I’ve made it this far!2.人生最大的成就通常是靠简单的方法和运用一般的才干获得的。普通的日常生活以及其中的忧虑、各种不可避免之事和种种职责提供了取得最好经验的充足机会；生活中走得最多的老路给诚实的工作者以充分努力的机会和自我改进的空间。人类幸福之路就是坚定不移地沿着做好事的大道前进；那些最坚毅而又是最诚挚地工作的人常常是最成功的人。

The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities.The common life of every day, with its cares, necessities, and duties, affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind;and its most beaten paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and room for self-improvement.The road of human welfare lies along the old highway of steadfast well-doing;and they who are the most persistent, and work in the truest spirit, will usually be the most successful.

第四篇：南昌大学研究生英语考试题目及参考答案

南昌大学2009 年英语考试试卷 FINAL TEST & KEY :

翻译四题，英汉、汉英翻译各2题，每题10分，summary 15 分，作文20分

1.It is found that all people who travel in foreign countries can be found judging what they see, hear and eat according to

their own habits and customs.People who have read a lot about foreign countries are usually more adaptable and tolerant, but this is because their minds have already been broadened before they start traveling.But reality makes things difficult.Actually physical contact with things one is not used to is much more difficult to bear philosophically.人们发现，所有在国外旅行的人都根据他们自己的风俗习惯来评价他们的所见所闻和他们所吃的东西。凡是广泛阅读有关外国情况的书刊的人，他们往往比较能适应，比较宽容，这是因为他们在开始旅行之前，他们的心胸以及比较开阔了。但是一旦接触到现实，事情就难办了。人们在直接接触到自己不习惯的事物时，要容忍，谅解就难得多了。

2.Although color television and video recording are gaining greater popularity and may be threatening the future of the

movies, motion pictures in the United States have somewhat managed to cope with the crisis in the 70’s and remain one of the favorite forms of entertainment of the people.Besides motion picture theaters all over the country, there are about 4,000 “drivers-in”, where people sit in their own cars, watching domestic or foreign films.虽然彩色电视和磁带录像日益普及，可能威胁到电影业的前途，但美国电影已在某种程度上克服了其70年代的危机。如今仍是一种人们喜爱的娱乐方式。现在美国除了遍及各地的电影院之外，大约还有四千个汽车电影场，人们在那里可以坐在自己的汽车中观看国内外电影。

3.就某种程度而言，这并不是什么新鲜事：一些教授潜心学术，不善交际，犹如一座封闭的孤岛。他们与书本在一

起比与人在一起感到更自在。但是这种新型的贫困进一步扩大了教师与学生之间的鸿沟。因为即使有些教授愿意与学生在一起，他们也没有那么多的时间。他们也在超负荷地工作。

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people.But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students don’t have as much time to spend.They also overexerting.4.工人和雇员感到焦虑，不仅因为他们有可能会失业（而且分期付款的期限也到了），而且还因为他们无法从生活

中获得任何真正的满足和乐趣。他们从生到死都不曾正视过人类生存的基本现实—人应该是在情感上和智力上富有创造力的，真实而独立的人。

The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find out job(and with installment payment due);they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually productive, authentic and independent human beings.5.summary :（09年考的是写读后感，2010年改成是根据原文意思写一篇大约100 Words summary）

Charlie Chaplin with his bowler hat, cane, and overlarge shoes was a genius and the most popular comic creator of all times.He spent his miserable childhood in the London slums.It was this world of his suffering youth that he often transformed with his imagination onto the movie screen.Charlie was not afraid to deal with controversial subjects in his films, shortly after the American troops returned from World WarⅠ, he released a film that parodied war and it was well received.Two other subjects that he parodied in his films were capitalism and the inhuman destruction of the machine age.

第五篇：太原理工大学研究生英语考试翻译资料

1.Alienation 疏离

By alienation is meant a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself as an alien.He has become, one might say, estranged from himself.He does not experience himself as the center of his world, as the creator of his own acts — but his acts and their consequences have become his masters, whom he obeys, or whom he may even worship.The alienated person is out of touch with himself as he is out of touch with other person.He, like the others, is experienced as things are experienced;with the senses and with common sense, but at the same time without being related to oneself and to the world outside positively.Erich Fromm(1900 — 1980)： The Sane Society 疏离

疏离，指的是人在体验自己时，把自己视为外人的一种体验模式。有人说，这是自己疏远了自己。这种人不觉得自己是个人世界的中心，不认为自己的行为是自己所做的，相反地，行为和行为的后果才是他的主宰，他必须服从甚至崇拜。疏离的人疏远自己，就好像是他在疏远别人一样。他就像其他人，别人对他的感受方式和人们对事物的感受方式一样；他用感官和常识来体验，却无法同时与自己或外在世界产生明确的关联。

德国精神分析学家及社会哲学家弗罗姆：《健全的社会》

2.Beauty 美

The ancients called beauty the flowering of virtue.Who can analyze the nameless charm which glances from one and another face and form? We are touched with emotions of tenderness and complacency, but we cannot find whereat this dainty emotion, this wandering gleam, points.It is destroyed for the imagination by any attempt to refer it to organization.Nor does it point to any relations of friendship or love known and described in society, but, as it seems to me, to a quite other and unattainable sphere, to relations of transcendent delicacy and sweetness, to what roses and violets hint and foreshow.We cannot approach beauty.Its nature is like opaline doves'-neck luster, hovering and evanescent.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 — 1882): Essays美

古人说，“美”是品德之花。瞥视它的容貌样子，谁能说明那种难以言喻的魅力呢？我们因温和满足之情而动容，但我们无法得知这种恍惚闪光般的雅兴究竟指向何方。如果想把美整理出个条理，就会破坏了美的想象。美也不在表现社会所说的友谊或爱情的关系，在我看来，美所呈现的是一个迥然不同且无法企及的领域，指出一种超越性的感觉和甜蜜的关系，说明玫瑰和紫罗兰所暗示或预示的是什么。我们无法接近美。美的本质犹如鸽子颈项上的乳白光泽，飘忽即逝。

美国散文家、哲学家及诗人爱默生：《文集》

3.Childhood 童年

Childhood is less clear to me than to many people: when it ended I turned my face away from it for no reason that I know about, certainly without the usual reason of unhappy memories.For many years that worried me, but then I discovered that the tales of former children are seldom to be trusted.Some people supply too many past victories or pleasures with which to comfort themselves, and other people cling to pains, real and imagined, to excuse what they have become.I think I have always know about my memory.I know when it is to be trusted and when some dream or fantasy entered on the life, and the dream, the need of dream, led to distortion of what happened.And so I knew early that the rampage angers of an only child were distorted nightmares of reality.But I trust absolutely what I remember about Julia.Lillian Hellman(1905 — 1984)： Julia

童年

我小时候的记忆比许多人模糊：不知道为什么，童年一结束，我就别过脸去，但我知道决不是因为有着痛苦回忆这种常见的原因。关于这一点，多年来便困扰着我，但后来我发现，旧时儿事，通常不足以为信。有些人搬出好些昔日的盛事趣事来聊以自慰，有些人则念念不忘或真实或想象而来的痛苦，把它当成自己何以变得如此 1的口实。

我想我一向清楚自己的记性，知道那一段时间的记忆是可以相信的，明白生活中在何时又掺进了梦想或幻想。做过的梦和对梦想的需要，扭曲了发生的事件。我也很早就了解到，独生子之所以大吵大闹，是做恶梦之后所扭曲的结果。然而，对于茱丽亚的回忆，我百分之百相信是确实无误的。

美国女作家莉莲·海尔曼：《茱丽亚》

4.Cities and City Life 都市与都市生活

Living in cities is an art, and we need the vocabulary of art, of style, to describe the peculiar relationship between man and material that exists in the continual creative play of urban living.The city as we imagine it, then, soft of illusion, myth, aspiration, and nightmare, is as real, maybe more real, than the hard city one can locate on maps in statistics, in monographs on urban sociology and demography and architecture.Jonathan Raban: Soft City

都市与都市生活

生活在都市里是一门艺术，我们需要艺术和时尚的词汇，才能描绘存在于日新月异的都市生活中的人类与物质之间的独特关系。于是我们想象的都市，充满了柔性的幻想、神话和梦魇。这样的城市，比起可按统计值绘制在地图上、可在都市社会学、人口学、建筑学专著中见到的那种生硬城市，都是同样真实的，甚或更加真实。

英国作家乔纳森·拉班：《柔性城市》

5.Declaration of Independence 独立宣言

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.That , to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Thomas Jefferson(1743 — 1826)

独立宣言

我们认为以下的真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予每个人一些不可剥夺的权力，包括生命、自由和追求幸福的权力。政府的成立乃是为了保障这些权力，政权则由人民授权而来。对于无法保障这些全力的政府，人民有权改变或废除，进而建立新政府，并采取此原则为基础，以此方式组织权力，因为这是最有可能实现安全与幸福的方法。

美国第三届总统托马斯·杰斐逊（1776）

6.Difference of Opinion 意见分歧(考的可能性不大)

One lesson we learn early, that in spite of seeming difference, men are all of one pattern.We readily assume this with our mates, and are disappointed and angry if we find that we are premature, and that their watches are slower than ours.In fact, the only sin which we never forgive in each other is difference of opinion.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 — 1882): Society and Solitude

意见分歧

我们很早就学到了这一课：人在表面上尽管有所差异，实际上却都是一个样子。我们就是这样假设我们的伙伴的，所以如果我们发现自己来的早了，发现别人的表走得比较慢，我们就会失望和生气。事实上，我们永远无法互相原谅的惟一过错，就是意见有所分歧。

美国散文家、哲学家及诗人爱默生：《社会与孤寂》

7.The Sympathy of Nature 大自然的恻隐之心

Such was the sympathy of Nature — that wild, heathen Nature of the forest, never subjugated by human law, nor illuminated by higher truth…Love, whether newly born, or aroused from a death-like slumber, must always create a sunshine, filling the heart so full radiance, that it overflows upon the

outward world.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804 — 1864)： The Scarlet Letter 大自然的恻隐之心

这是大自然的恻隐之心——森林那种野性、未开化的大自然模样，从未受制于人类法律，也未曾受过高深真理的启迪……爱，无论是初生的，或是从死亡般的沉睡中苏醒过来的，总会产生一道阳光，让内心充满光芒，流溢到外在世界。

美国作家霍桑：《红字》

8.England and the English 英格兰与英国人

There is nothing so sad or so good that you will not find an Englishman doing it;but you will never find an Englishman in the wrong.He does everything on principle.He fights you on patriotic principles;he robs you on business principles;he enslaves you on imperial principles;he bullies you on manly principles;he supports his king on loyal principles and cuts off his king's head on republican principles.His watchword is always Duty;and he never forgets that the nation which lets its duty get on the opposite side to its interest is lost.George Bernard Shaw(1856 — 1950)： Napoleon 英格兰与英国人

你会发现，英国人所做的事，要么极坏，要么极好，可是呢，你就是不会发现他 22理亏。他们做什么都是有有原则的。和你打仗时，他们根据爱国原则；抢劫你的时候，根据商业原则；奴役你的时候，根据帝国主义原则；欺负你的时候，根据男子汉原则；支持皇室嘛，根据忠诚原则；把国王的头砍掉呢，则是依据共和体制原则。他的口号都是“责任”，而且他也从没忘记过，让责任变得违背利益的那个国家已经消失了。

爱尔兰剧作家、小说家及评论家潇伯纳：《拿破仑》

9.Experience 经验

Experience is not a matter of having actually swum the Hellespont, or danced with the dervishes, or slept in a doss-house.It is a matter of sensibility and intuition, of seeing and hearing the significant things, of paying attention at the right moments, of understanding and coordinating.Experience is not what happens to a man;it is what a man does with happens to him.Aldous Huxley(1894 — 1963)： Texts and Pretexts

经验

经验这件事嘛，并非是真的要去泅渡海勒斯海峡，要去和托钵僧共舞，或是去投宿廉价客栈。经验一事乃是关乎感觉和本能，在看到和听说了有意义的事情时，能够在恰当时刻留意到并且有所领悟和协调。经验，并不是指人遇到了什么，而是指人如何处理所遇到的事情。

英国作家奥尔德斯·赫胥黎：《正题与藉口》

10.The Four Freedoms 四大自由

In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.The first is freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world.The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world.The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world.The fourth is freedom from fear — which, translated into world terms, means a worldwide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor — anywhere in the world.Franklin D.Roosevelt(1882 — 1945)： January 6, 1941, one of annual messages to Congress 四大自由

在我们力求安定德未来日子里，我们期待一个以人类四大基本自由为基础的世界。

•世界各地都有言论与表达的自由。

•世界各地人人都有用自己的方式来崇拜上帝的自由。

•有免于匮乏的自由，用世俗的话来说，亦即在经济上保障世界各国的居民都能够拥有健康和平的生活。•有免于恐惧的自由，用世俗的话来说，亦即彻底地世界性裁减军备以至于世界上任何地方的任何国家都无法侵犯任何邻国。

美国第三十二届总统罗斯福：1941年1月6日致国会咨文

11.Hate 仇恨

There is no hate without fear.Hate is crystallized fear, fear's dividend, fear objectivized.We hate what we fear and so where hate is, fear is lurking.Thus we hate what threatens our person, our vanity and our dreams and plans for ourselves.If we can isolate this element in what we hate we may be able to cease from hating.Cyril Connolly(1903 — 1974)： The Unquiet Grave

仇恨

仇恨之中必有恐惧。仇恨是恐惧的结晶、附属品和客体化。我们讨厌我们所害怕的东西，所以有恨的地方，就潜伏着恐惧。也因此，我们讨厌会威胁我们的人身、自由、隐私、收入、声望、虚荣、梦想或是个人计划的东西。如果我们能够在仇恨之中滤出恐惧的因素，或许我们就不会再有仇恨了。

英国作家康诺利：《不平静的坟墓》

12.Idleness 懒散

Idleness predominates in many lives where it is not suspected;for, being a vice which terminates in itself, it may be enjoyed without injury to others;and it is therefore not watched like fraud, which endangers property;or like pride, which naturally seeks its gratifications in another's inferiority.Idleness is a silent and peaceful quality, that neither raises envy by ostentation, nor hatred by opposition;and therefore nobody is busy to censure or detect it.Samuel Johnson(1709 — 1784)： Idleness

懒散

懒散这种恶习仅限于个人人可以懒散却不会伤害到别人，也因此，它在不觉中主宰着许多人的生活。懒散看起来并不像会危及财产的诈骗行为，也不像骄傲那样，藉由别人的劣势来获取自己的满足感。懒散具有静默安详的特性，不会因为卖弄而惹人嫉妒，也不会因为反对什么而招致怨恨，所以没有人忙于非难或盘查它。

英国诗人及评论家塞缪尔·约翰逊：《懒散》

13.科学就是探求真理。在探求真理的过程中，人们对客观规律的认识要经过艰苦曲折的过程。常常有这样的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握资料的差异，认识方法的不同，就会出现“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同”的情况，以至引起学术上的争论。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对的意见看作对自己的莫大的帮助，把对自己的批评当作最珍贵的友谊。正如歌德所说，“我们赞同的东西使我们处之泰然，我们反对的东西才使我们的思想获得丰产。”这都是因为，赞同的意见未必正确，反对的意见未必错误。退一步说，即使错误的反对意见，对自己的科学研究也是很有好处的。

Science means the exploration of truth.In the process of exploring truth, people will have to experience tremendous hardships and difficulties before they can come to understand the objective laws.It is often the case that the differences in the research perspectives, the materials mastered, and the ways of understanding would lead to totally different results-as we might say, “a mountain becomes a hill when viewed horizontally and a ridge when viewed vertically, and it assumes totally different shapes when viewed from a short or a long distance, or from a high or a low position.”-and even lead to academic disputes.Therefore, an accomplished scientist would regard opposing arguments as his most tremendous benefit and take others' criticism of him as the most precious friendship that he can ever obtain.In Gothe's words, “We take for granted what we are in favor of.However, only what we are opposed to can enrich our thoughts.” This is all because the approving opinions are not necessarily justified while the opposing arguments are not necessarily unfounded.To put it in the least way, even the opposing arguments that are mistaken will be immensely beneficial to one's own scientific research.14.中国将坚定不移地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，继续加强同发展中国家的团结合作，同它们一道维护发展中国家正当合理的权益。同时，我们要进一步致力于稳定周边、巩固睦邻友好。我们还将不断地充实与各个大

国已经建立或正在建立的未来关系框架的内涵。我们将更积极地参与国际事务和各种多边外交活动，坚决反对霸权主义、强权政治，推动在世界上建立公平合理、平等互利的国际政治、经济新秩序。

China will unswervingly observe the independent and peaceful foreign policy.It will continue to reinforce its solidarity and cooperation with the developing countries in the world and, together with them, to safeguard the just and reasonable rights of the developing countries.At the same time, we will be further committed to stabilizing our peripheral areas and to consolidating the harmonious friendship with our neighboring countries.We will also make continued efforts to enrich the implications of the framework of the future relations that have been established or that are being established with all the major countries of the world.We will take more positive steps to participate in international affairs and in various kinds of multilateral diplomatic activities.China will remain firm in its opposition to hegemonism, power politics and will endeavor to promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order that is fair, reasonable, equal and reciprocally beneficial.15.中国是一个人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家。中国将继续深化改革，扩大开放，坚 定不移地发展社会主义市场经济，走可持续发展道路，合理利用和保护资源。中国愿一如既往 地积极参与国际资源环境合作，与世界各国一道，为实现人类社会可持续发展而携手奋进。

China is a developing country with a large population and a relative shortage of resources.China will continue to deepen the reform, widen the opening-up, develop the socialist market economy unswervingly, take the road of sustainable development, and rationally use and protect its resources.China will, as usual, take an active part in international cooperation for the development of resources and environment protection, and join hands with all other countries in the world in advancing boldly to achieve the sustainable development of human society

16.2008年9月以来，世界经济遭受了上世纪大萧条以来最为严峻的挑战。各国纷纷采取措施，应对国际金融危机的严重冲击。中国政府及时果断调整宏观经济政策，实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，迅速出台促进经济平稳较快发展的一揽子计划，对缓解经济运行中的突出矛盾、增强信心、稳定预期，发挥了重要作用。这个一揽子计划最直接、最重要的目标，是扭转经济增速下滑趋势、保持经济平稳较快增长，并力求解决制约中国经济发展的结构性问题，加快转变发展方式，全面提升各种生产要素的质量和水平，为中国经济长远发展打下更加牢固的基础。

Since last September, the world economy has run into the most serious challenges ever since the Great Depression of the last century.Countries around the world have taken steps to cope with the severe impact of the global financial crisis.In the face of the crisis, the Chinese Government made swift and decisive adjustments to its macroeconomic policies.We adopted a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, and put in place a package plan to ensure steady and relatively fast economic growth.These measures have proved essential for easing major problems in the economy, shoring up confidence and stabilizing expectations.The most immediate and important goal of our package plan is to reverse the economic downturn and maintain steady and relatively fast growth.It is also designed to address structural problems constraining China's economic development, speed up the transformation of growth pattern and raise the quality and performance of factors of production in order to lay a more solid foundation for China's economic growth in the long run.17.进入 21 世纪，经济全球化、信息网络化，已经把世界连成一体，文化的发展将不再是各 自封闭的，而是在相互影响中多元共存。一个国家、一个民族对人类文化贡献的大小，越来越 取决于她吸收外来文化的能力和自我更新的能力。中国将永远坚持开放兼容的方针，既珍视传 统，又博采众长，用文明的方式、和谐的方式实现经济繁荣和社会进步。

In the 21st century, economic globalization and the information network have linked us all together.Different cultures live together and influence each other.No culture can flourish in isolation.How much a country or a nation contributes to the culture of humanity is increasingly determined by her ability to absorb foreign cultures and renew herself.That is why China will remain open and receptive, value her own traditions while drawing on others' successful experience, and achieve economic prosperity and

social progress in a civilized and harmonious way.18.00.6.24

The response of adults to the behavior of adolescents is often more strongly influenced by the adults’ own needs than by the way the adolescents are acting.The adult world clings stubbornly to social order, resistive to the young people whose questioning , risk-taking and spontaneity threaten existing arrangements.Adult fears that adolescents will escape their control, with the anxiety about unplanned change and disorderliness, lead to determined efforts to restrain young people through familial and societal regulation.The youth who searches for and attains what his parents had yearned for and then denied themselves, attacks the most vulnerable facet of adult personality----the fragile self-esteem.It is no wonder, then, that rather than an attempt at loving understanding, the parent responds with bitterness and opposition.成年人对青少年行为所做出的反应并不完全取决于他们的行为本身;成年人的反应往往是从自身需要出发。成年人恪守社会规范;反对青年人怀疑现状、铤而走险、崇尚自由以至威胁到现有的格局。成年人害怕青少年摆脱他们的束缚,担心失去控制会变得一发不可收拾,因此他们通过家庭和社会两方面的章法去约束青年人。当青年人追求并且得到了父母曾经渴望过、继而又放弃了的东西,他们便触及了成年人格中最薄弱之处他们的———易受伤害的自尊。难怪父母亲非但不会做到努力用爱心去理解青少年,反而会对他们的行为横加阻拦。19.04.06.20

As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry and elaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification.When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled about numerous strokes.In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children to native speakers as early as possible.However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition won’t be gained until studies of the brain have developed to the point where the function of each part of the brain is brought to light.The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question.语言学是认知科学的一个分支，在语言习得和分类方面已得到系统的研究和阐述。谈到语言学习，西方人公认汉字的拼写特别困难，他们对众多的笔画一筹莫展。在中国仍有一种错误的认识，认为只要幼儿尽早接触本族语者，就能取得最佳效果。但是，只有到了大脑的研究十分发达，已揭示了大脑每一区域功能之时，人们才能对语言习得的过程有更深刻的了解。中国的家长们是否应急于让孩子精通英语还值得商榷。