浅析事业单位中激励原则的应用

第一篇：浅析事业单位中激励原则的应用

浅析事业单位中激励原则的应用

人力资本的激励问题，是一个单位必须面对的首要问题，事业单位人力资本管理的本质和核心在于对员工的激励。

人力资本管理 激励

事业单位目前正在推行绩效工资制，其实就是在向我们表明：人力资本的激励问题，已经成为一个单位必须面对的首要问题。我国目前人力资本投资收益率明显低于世界各国平均水平，其主要原因之一是人力资本激励不足，因为人力资本的特性是天然属于本人，其开发利用完全取决于人力资本所有者的意愿。单位所拥有的各类资源本身并不会自动释放出巨大的生产力，必须有人力资本的加入，才能获取效益。

由于人力资本与人本身不可分割，职工工作态度的好坏、积极性的高低，在很大程度上决定了人力资本所创造的价值的大小。因此，为使人力资本能够带来更多的经济价值，单位就要想方设法调动职工的积极性、主动性、创新性。事业单位人力资本管理的本质在于挖掘人力资本的能量和动力，而核心在于对员工的激励。激励是一种激发、指引和维持某种行为朝向目标的历程和追求目标的决心，它可以有效地调动人们的积极性和创造性。

一、要正确认识激励的内涵

在人力资源管理中，激励越来越受到管理者的重视。职工在单位努力工作可能是为了丰厚的奖酬，为了舒适的工作环境，也可能因为工作具有挑战性、有很多晋升的机会或是可以实现自身的价值等，这些都可以通过激励来实现。可见，激励就是激发和鼓励，是指科学地运用各种激励手段，使思想政治教育有机结合，从而最大限度地激发人们在生产、劳动、工作和学习中的积极性，鼓励人们发奋努力，为推动社会主义现代化建设多作贡献。简单地讲，激励就是帮助人们寻找或为他们创造努力工作目标的过程，是人们朝向某一选定目标行动的倾向，将影响职工适应一个组织。

二、要制定有效的激励系统

1、正激励与负激励相结合在事业单位的人力管理中，正激励常常被当做一种有效的激励方法广泛应用。它通过对人们的某种行为给予肯定和奖赏，从而使这种行为巩固、保持下去，得到所期望的效果。而事实上，在某些特殊环境下对员工采用负激励方法更能激发其积极性。因此，在实际工作中，人力资源管理人员需要将正激励与负激励巧妙地结合起来，互并互重，以收到更好的激励效果。

绩效管理体系必须获得激励体系的良好支持才能充分地发挥作用。奖励是提高管理效能不可或缺的手段。奖励是积极的，是对一个人或一项成果的肯定，是在人的上进心、荣誉感的基础之上，使个体能够遵纪守法、忠于职守，并发挥其内在的最大潜能。在使用奖励手段时，应当注意讲究技巧，这样才能起到应有的作用。一方面，奖励可以使员工获得心理上或物质上的满足；另一方面，它可使员工精神振奋，提高工作积极性。奖励的目的不仅仅是对绩效的回报、奖赏，更重要的是希望员工获奖之后能够有更突出的表现。

激励即激发人的动机，诱导人的行为，使其产生一种内在的动力，朝着所期望的目标努力的过程。激励的方法有多种，但大多数管理者往往注重正面的激励，如嘉奖、表扬、晋升全讯网 http://www.xiexiebang.com

等，只有在不得已时才会采用负激励。事实上，在一些特殊环境或对特定的人采用负激励方法更能激发其积极性，使其产生良好的工作绩效。

心理学研究表明，人在遭遇困境时，不仅会不遗余力地奋斗，发挥潜能，爆发出异乎寻常的勇气，还将自动放弃平时的偏见与隔阂，团结一致共渡难关。一些有远见的人力资源管理者会有意识地利用这种负激励效应，适时制造些紧张气氛，让职工时刻有种危机感。同时还可以利用自尊、好胜心理，激发其竞争意识，调动职工的自觉性和积极性。比说教、劝诫的效果要好得多。

2、物质激励与精神激励相结合物质激励包含的范围很广，使用也十分普遍。不过，人们总认为物质激励存在局限性，其实，这是人们存在的一种误解，因为不止是物质激励有局限性，其他激励方法也有局限性。但是，物质激励确实是针对人们的较低层次需要的一种激励方法。人人都有自己的物质需要和经济利益，物质激励就是通过满足这种个人物质利益的需要，来调动一个人完成任务的积极性。

物质和精神是激励前进的两只轮子，缺一不可，哪一只轮子力度不够都会翻车。激励中只有“两手抓 ”，找准物质与精神的最佳结合点，通过报酬激励、参与 激励、荣誉激励、目标激励等多种方式的立体组合，才能满足各层次成员的归属感、荣誉感、成就感、安全感和物质需求，才能有效地发挥激励的作用。

三、树立“以人为本”的激励观念

“以人为本”是我国传统治国思想的精髓，大意是统治者要把民生问题作为管理国家、实施统治的核心。作为现代管理理念的以人为本是在20世纪60年代被提出的。它是指把“人”作为管理活动的核心和最重要的资源，通过各种措施，提高职工的能力和发挥职工的积极性和创造性，引导职工去实现预定的目标。以人为本的管理是以与物为中心的管理相对应的，它要求将理解人、尊重人、充分发挥人的主动性和积极性置于管理活动的核心。树立“以人为本”的激励观念就是在对职工进行激励的过程中，真正做到以职工为核心，从职工的实际需要出发，来激发职工的潜能。事业单位只有在研究职工的心理的基础上，了解职工真实的需要，树立“以人为本”的激励观念，进行有效激励，才能取得实效。

随着“人”的因素在组织生存和发展中的作用日益提升，人们越来越发现作为组织生命力和创造力源泉的“人”的状态往往直接影响着组织的面貌。管理心理学告诉我们，需求是人的行为的原动力，是人的积极性的来源，需求的满足既是行为的出发点，又是行为的最终归宿。人们有了需求之后就要选择和寻找满足需求的目标，进而产生满足需求的行为。人们的需求得到满足后，紧张和不安就会消除，即激励状态解除。但随后会产生新的需求，从而导致新的行为。如此周而复始，直至生命的终结。这个反复的过程就是激励过程。

总之，激励与组织的发展息息相关，没有激励就没有稳定、努力而忠诚的职工队伍，因此，事业单位领导者一定要重视激励在人力资源管理中的作用，努力运用各种激励手段，调动职工的积极性，充分发挥职工的智慧、创造力和主人翁精神，以促进事业单位各项工作的顺利开展。

第二篇：礼貌原则在口译中的应用

Introduction

Along with the trend of economic globalization and cultural diversification, communication among people from different countries and different cultures is more frequent and important.Interpreters are enjoying a constantly improved position in international communication, acting as the bridge which make people of different languages and backgrounds connected.Gradually, more elements should be considered in interpretation, especially keeping the communications smooth by using polite expression.In this case, the study of application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation will bring enlightenment to the future work.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of hard and complex job.Politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it also can be applied into interpretation which can be seen as a special conversation.However, interpretation is a study with a short history, which needs more help from other fields.Nowadays, the study of interpretation is concentrated on language training, interpreting skills, exams and so on.Few people pay attention to the application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Thus, politeness communicative principle in interpretation is so important and deserves more attention.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three parts.Part one gives a view of related theories;Part two is main part of the paper, which includes preconditions for using politeness communicative principle and feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle;Part three is the enlightenment to interpretation after the research, including strategies for applying politeness 1

communicative principle in interpretation.2

1.Literature review of interpretation and politeness communicative principle In 1978, English scholars Brown & Levinson wrote an article “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”.Soon after that, Leech delivered his six criteria of politeness in 1983.Since then, there are some researches about the two fields of politeness communicative principle and interpretation respectively.1.1 General review of interpretation In order to identify the relationship between interpretation and politeness communicative principle, it is necessary to review related interpretation theory at home and abroad.1.1.1 Definition of interpretation Interpretation is a form of translation, converting one language to anther so that the target language could convey the intended message in source language.Interpretation essentially is “an oral translation of oral discourse”(Gile, 1995: 1)and “ an extempore oral reproduction, in one language of what is said in another language ”(Zhong, 1999: 1).Interpretation is a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language(Pochhacker 2004: 11).Compared to translation which is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text, interpretation has its outstanding characteristics as being used when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.That is to say, interpretation is a communicative process which faithfully and orally transfer the information from one language to another.3

1.1.2 Type and development of interpretation Interpretation consists of consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and whispering interpretation, among which consecutive interpretation is the most popular and widely used.In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to a speech segment and then delivers the whole segment in the target language.While in simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter conveys the meaning to the listeners while listening.In whispering interpretation, the interpreter is for speeches with one to two foreign listeners or as accompanying interpreter for your international guests outside the actual event programme.Lacking of historical record makes it difficult to find the exact date when interpretation got into shape.And interpretation came into being and developed gradually when people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other.In the past, there were middlemen, who helped people speaking different languages communicate with each other.They were usually immigrants who knew two or more languages and also called dragoman, but these people were not trained professionally.When people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other more frequently, quick and effective interpretation was in urgent.Interpreter becomes an international profession in the First World War.It is in the Paris Peace Conference interpreters who have been trained professionally to meet the requirements of the conference.After that, interpretation has become a popular profession in the world.4

1.2 An overview of politeness communicative principle theories Politeness as a social phenomenon can be observed in all languages and cultures, and it has long been an important object of study in linguistics.As a common social phenomenon, politeness is not only an universal virtue but also a popular way to realize effective communication.1.2.1 A general view of politeness communicative principle Politeness is an universal phenomenon in society.However, different linguists and scholars give different explanations of politeness.In western countries, Leech says that there exists a set of maxims that guide and constrain the conversation between people, he suggests that cooperative principle should be expanded because Gricean’s cooperative principle can not sufficiently explain why people so often convey meaning indirectly.It is for this reason that politeness principle can be seen not just as another principle to be added to cooperative principle, but as its necessary complement.Leech introduces the politeness principle which runs as follows: Minimize the expression of impolite beliefs, Maximize the expression of polite belief.1.2.2 Politeness theories at home and abroad

Many scholars have made great contribution to the study of politeness theories.Among them, Leech and Gu Yueguo play a significant role, which serves as the foundation of the politeness research for other scholars.Politeness communicative principle is proposed to explain how politeness operates in conversational exchange, which has a series of maxims.Leech defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity.That is the ability of participants in a social interaction 5

to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.Leech specifies degree of politeness principle which are the means required in a certain situation.(1)The Tact Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other, maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.(2)The Approbation Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other;Maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.(3)The Generosity Maxim

Minimize the expression of benefit to itself;Maximize the expression of cost to itself.(4)The Modesty Maxim

Minimize the expression of praise of self;Maximize the expression of dispraise of self.(5)The Agreement Maxim

Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other;Maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.(Leech, 1999:20-21)While in China, the real study of politeness principle only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China.The most influential figure in this area is Gu Yueguo.He puts forward his own set of politeness maxims in two thesis “Politeness Pragmatics and Culture” and “Politeness phenomena in modern China”.His theory has distinctive characteristics of Chinese culture.He proposed four basic 6

notions: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement.According to Gu, politeness principle includes five maxims:“Self-denigration and Respecting Maxim, Addressing Maxim, Elegancy Maxim, Conforming Maxim, Virtue, Words and Behavior Maxim.”(Gu, 2005: 10)

1.3 The relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation

Interpretation is understood as the mental process and communicative act of reproducing orally in a target language what a speaker is expressing in a source language.(Zhong, 1999: 1)

From the above explanation, it is easy to find that interpretation is a kind of special conversation.The success of this conversation needs a media of interpreter.During interpretation, interpreters need to cooperate both with the speakers and the listeners, and they also need to control the atmosphere of this conversation and keep the conversation polite.Besides, politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it can be applied into interpretation.So far, there have been some studies related to relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation, especially in recent years.For instance, Guo Yingzhen has published the issue of “Politeness Principle and Interpreting” by analyzing politeness principle and nine types of politeness in interpretation.She says, “ Based on the politeness principle and the experience of the author’s practice during past years, the honorific expressions in the process of interpreting can be divided into and applied to in nine different situations, namely, greetings, request, inquiry, 7

complaint and regret, advice, apology, imperative, and agreement”(Guo, 2004: 15).She tries to encourage readers to use honorific expressions in interpretation so that his or her own interpreting ability could be reflected.Wang Xiaowen discusses the complementarily and contradiction between cooperative principle and politeness principle, she mentions about the importance of politeness communicative principle in interpretation, “As two important theories in the field of pragmatics, Grice’s cooperative principle and Leech’s politeness principle both have great insights on interpreting with latter complimentary to the former.The approbation of the two principles to interpreting can effectively promote the successful cooperation between the two parties of communication.”(Wang, 2006: 18)1.4 Previous studies on interpreter’s subjectivity

With the increasing attention paid on the role of interpreters, the subjectivity of which arouse interest of scholars.Qiu Jixin observes the translator’s subjectivity and its restrictions by introducing thought of foreign scholars and analysis of translation.He says, “As a subject, translators can carry out their subjectivity during the translating process.Yet, the subjectivity must be restricted by certain factors.The two are combined closely with each other.”(Qiu, 2004: 12)Later, Hon Linping and Jiang Siping write complete conclusion on the study of the issue, on the subjectivity studies over the past ten years.They talk about the root, developing stages, some limitations and problems of all the previous researches.In general, just as what they state in the review,“the concept of interpreter’s subjectivity has gained more and more attention in China’s translation 8

study over the last decades.Analyzing the studies of the translator’s subjectivity in China from 1996 to 2005, the scholars explore the positive roles and limitations that the new trend could play in translation, the authors maintain that the translator’s turn will prevail in the 21 century.”(Hon & Jiang, 2006)These people do some research on the interpreter’s subjectivity and leave some evidence for others.Lv Binghua, from the perspective of subjectivity, proposed three norms, self-restriction on expressions and arrangement of message.It is a generalization of the forms of interpreter’s subjectivity from a rather macro perspective.Few scholars concern about the subjectivity of interpreters although the issue of interpreter’s subjectivity has been studied for years.That’s the greatest regret in the study of the issue.2.Feasibility and strategies for interpreters to apply politeness communicative principle in interpreting

From the above analysis of the research conducted by many linguists and interpretation theorists, it is easy to find that politeness communicative principle plays an important role in interpretation.No matter whether politeness communicative principle in western countries or in China, the essence is similar only with different emphasis.This chapter, which is based on the analysis of politeness communicative principle, explains the feasibility for interpreters and explores the instructive function of the politeness communicative principle in interpretation.2.1 Possible steps to deal with subjectivity

When politeness communicative principle is used in interpretation, at least two 9

things should be noticed.Firstly, it is possible to deal with subjectivity when interpret.Secondly, it is possible to apply politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Actually the process of interpreting can be divided into two parts: preparation before real interpretation and the actual interpretation process.“Translation procedure involves far more than step-by-step procedures for producing a translation from a source text.”(Nida, 2004: 131)In the following part, the author will discuss when and how interpreters can manipulate with subjectivity.2.1.1 Preparation before interpreting

It is well-known that enough preparation work is a key factor of a successful interpretation.Many things can be done before interpretation and will be later used.Generally speaking, prepared knowledge includes the glossary items, background knowledge of a certain field, understanding of the speaker’s culture and so on.In order to specify the above statement and make it clear and easy to be understood, the author sets an example in the following part.For example, There is going to be an English speaker talking about technology in clone.Preparation work will be done differently.Interpreter A may know well about clone, he masters all the background information and latest researches in the field.But he has no idea about the speaker except that the speaker is from England.In this situation, interpreter A may prepare in following steps.Firstly, since he knows well about the issue, the preparation of background knowledge may be very simple.Secondly, since the speaker comes from England, which needs to know more 10

about clone in England.Therefore, A should review the clone in England.Thirdly, given that A knows nothing about the speaker, he should seek a way to get familiar with culture and courtesy in England.Last but not least, A should know more about the situation whether in a conference or casual dialogue.Imagine another quite different situation: If interpreter B knows the English speaker very well.However, he knows little about clone, let alone clone in England.In this case, B would seek for different methods to deal with, which is quite different from A.Instead of paying much attention to the background of the speaker, B has to spend much time learning about clone, especially in England.Therefore, he had better read some scientific books and surf the Internet to gain more information about clone.Above all, it is easy to find that different interpreters choose different ways to prepare based on their own conditions though given the same situation.That leads to the possibility of choosing for interpreters in this process.2.1.2 Understanding of original speech Understanding of Original Speech is a vital process during the interpretation.If one can’t grasp the original meaning, he may mislead the intention of the speaker, even worse, spoil the whole conversation.Basil Hatim and Ian Mason once wrote in their book Discourse and the Translator, “The less evaluative the text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification.The less culture-bound a text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more 11

space there may be for modification.”(Hatim & Mason,1999: 3)In China, Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s understandings and opinions are always influenced by times, nation, language, history, custom, culture and so on.Thus, the subjectivity of translators is strongly needed because of the differences in these factors in source text, the disparity between source and target language, and the strong demonstration of times, national feature and culture capital in the source text”.(Qi, 2003)In the following, the author would show that interpreters may have different understandings towards the same original sentence.For example, It’s my great honor to be invited as your friend.Interpreter1: 作为朋友收到邀请，我十分荣幸。Interpreter2: 我十分荣幸以朋友的身份收到邀请。

In this case, the emphasis of the interpreter is different.Interpreter 1 strengthens the meaning of “great honor to be invited” with thanks.While interpreter 2 highlights the words “as your friend” to focus on the true friendship.Therefore, the hidden meaning of the sentence is “The friendship between us is precious to me and I really appreciate it”.Both of the understandings are right if the speaker expresses the sentence without the paragraph.Still, differences between two interpreters don’t influence the quality of interpretation.It can be concluded from the above example that one sentence may lead to different understandings and the interpreters can choose their own understanding according to the atmosphere of situation, the context or the relevant information.This clearly proves that interpreters are able to manipulate during the understanding 12

process and sometimes the subjective choosing may even be of great significance.2.1.3 Production of the interpreted version

As Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s subjectivity can be reflected not only from the comprehension of the source language, but also from the choosing ways of expressions.If we put it in another way, production of the translators gradually form their own translation styles, characteristics and features.There is a close relation between them.In a certain period and under certain historical and cultural background, translators form their own thoughts and senses of values, tastes and interests, as well as translation abilities, which are shown in his translation version.”(Qi, 2003)From the translation theory above, it is aware that translator’s subjectivity is what she talks about.It is the same with interpreters,too.Being an excellent interpreter requires abundant interpreting experiences, careful observation and daily practices.The author will give an example to illustrate this point.For example, Shenzhen today is quite different from what she looked like twenty years ago.Version1: 今日的深圳不同于20年前的深圳。

Version2: 今日的深圳比20年前不可同日而语。

When you talk about Shenzhen’s development and her achievement with a foreigner, such a sentence can be seen very often.In a real interpreting case, it is common that both of the translation versions are acceptable, with no mistake or misunderstanding between communicative parties.However, the two versions have obvious difference.Version 2 gives a more brief idea of difference in Shenzhen which 13

strikes the speaker most.While version 1 is close to literal meaning of the original sentence.The two versions have difference in ways of expression and the author believes that it can reflect the interpreter’s characteristics in some degree.Although the original sentence is a kind of praise of Shenzhen’s great development, the sentence itself does not show that Shenzhen becomes stronger or prosperous.It can be predicted that in terms of characteristics, version 2 is more direct than version 1 since he or she wishes to express the intended meaning in an obvious way.2.2 Feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle in interpretation Since it has been proved that politeness communicative principle is one of the principles that should be adopted in our daily conversation.Adopting politeness communicative principle in interpretation will help create harmonious atmosphere and enable the exchange of words and thoughts to be smooth and successful.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of exchanging and talking since two communicative parties cannot communicate directly because of language and culture differences.Thus, an interpreter is needed to exchange words between the two communicative parties, which is a very important job in such kind of indirect interaction.During interpreting, a sense of being polite is badly needed.In this part, the author will talk about the application of politeness communicative principle and set examples to prove the feasibility to interpretation.The process of application of politeness communicative principle can be divided into three different forms, namely choosing of words, choosing of sentences and choosing 14

ways of expressions.2.2.1 Choosing of words Interpreters may have different words that can be used during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose proper words from them.Therefore, interpreters can find the most polite words under the direction of politeness communicative principle.First of all, some words that can help the interpreters are discussed.Firstly, application of model verbs in politeness communicative principle will be discussed.When we choose proper language form to express politely, some appropriate model verbs can make the sentence like an euphemism.In our conversations or dialogues, these model verbs are easy to find here and there, such as “should, shall, would, could”.In order to express the meaning more clearly, the author will set two examples in the following.When we put the model verb “could” ahead in a question sentence, it is a euphemistic expression.For example, “could you tell me about the story?” The word “would” can be used in a euphemistic expression, especially in the request and suggested sentence.For instance,“I would be a shame to disturb your dialogue.” “would you like to pass the book to me ?”and “wouldn’t it be better to stop it right now?” All the sentences above are more polite than those do not use model verb.Secondly, tense of verb deserves our attention.In a sentence, past tense is another way to express request politely, while past continuous tense is more polite than past tense.For instance,“Sorry, I did it again”.This sentence means this is not the first time he made mistake, and the intended meaning of which is he or she really feels 15

regrettable about what he or she does.From above, it can be found that past tense can also express apologize.Thirdly, some words expressing possibility could also express politeness.when we talk something about suggestion, advice and criticism, we could use “maybe” “perhaps” and “possible”.”Possibly” mainly used in a request sentence, if it is used together with model verbs “can” and “could”, it would be more polite.When we give an invitation, suggestion, requirement and criticism, we can use the word “wonder”, because it is also a euphemism.Another example, the word “quite” can be used in the negative sentence to express politeness:“That’s not quite what I said, you know.” Some examples related to the three pairs of maxims will be discussed next.2.2.1.1 Tact maxim and generosity maxim

From the brief introduction of maxim before, it is easy to know that these two maxims are intended to maxim of benefit to others and cost to oneself.The typical case is as followed.“This is a brief introduction brochure of our school”

Version1: 这是我校的宣传册。

Version2: 这是美国某大学的宣传册。

According to Tack and Generosity Maxim, it is polite to maximize the listener’s benefit even cost the speaker more.In this situation, since the interpreter is the direct speaker to the Chinese students attending an exhibition, the interpreter has to interpret the complete meaning while maximize benefit for the listener.Based on the given situation, version2 is more proper than version1, not only for 16

sake of better advertisement of the school, but also help the listener leave a deep impression of this school, which is different from other schools they heard before.From this point of view, the choosing of version “美国某大学” rather than “我校” realizes the minimization of other’s cost.2.2.1.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.The following is an example:

“我们产品的质量比你方更好。”

Version1: Our product’s quality is better than yours.Version2: It seems that our product’s quality is better than yours.In this case, version2 doesn’t maximize praise of listeners and dispraise of him or her.The speaker states the meaning of “better than you”, which is going to cause unhappy feelings to the listeners.2.2.1.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim demand maximization of agreement between oneself and others.An example is as followed:

你同意我的想法吗？

Not really.Version1: Do you agree with me?

我不同意。

Version2: Do you agree with me?

我们的想法可能有些出入。

This is a kind of “agree-or-not” sentence.Agreement should be given based on the Agreement and Sympathy Maxim.Therefore, when the interpreter chooses the expression “有些出入” instead of “不同意”.The atmosphere is more polite and harmonious.2.2.2 Choosing of sentences

Interpreters may have different sentences that come into mind during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose the most suitable one from them.As a result, interpreters can find the most polite one under the direction of politeness communicative principle.2.2.2.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim Two conclusions can be drawn from these maxims.Firstly, offering is more polite than request in an imperative sentence.Secondly, politeness communicative principle in language can be classified into various degrees because more indirect expressions give listeners more freedom to choose what they want.If a sentence is delivered in a more indirect way, it would be more polite.Example1, Answer the phone.I want you to answer the phone.Will you answer the phone?

Can you answer the phone?

Would you mind answering the phone?

Could you possibly answer the phone?

Example 2, Call a taxi for me.18

I want you to call a taxi for me.Will you call a taxi for me?

Would you mind calling a taxi for me? In each example, the last one is the most polite because it gives the listener more opportunity to refuse.It is successful to minimize the cost to others and maximize benefit to others.More examples can be found at the beginning of a press conference.In order to keep the meeting going quietly, the host would say to the reporter just as “请各位与会人员关闭手机”.Under this circumstance, interpreters have these choices:“Turn off the cell phone.” “Can you turn off the cell phone?” or “Can I probably ask you to turn off the cell phone?”.Among them, the degree of being polite is deeper and deeper, then the last one is the most polite.In order to show politeness, interpreters usually express ideas in a mild and roundabout way.For example, when disagreeing with somebody, one would say,“I don’t think you are right” rather than“you are wrong”.Another example“You don’t seem to understand” instead of “You don’t know” so directly.2.2.2.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.They contain two aspects and the first is “negative praise” which means saying something good to somebody instead of criticizing others.An example is followed,“Do you like my skirt?” “Well, yes.But it’s not my favorite.” Although B does not like A’s skirt, he expresses his feelings in a polite way.The second type is “exaggerated praise”, which is common in interpretation from Chinese to English

because English speakers like to exaggerate their feelings, while Chinese are more implicit in comparison.Here is an example: after a party, guests coming from China say to the host,“谢谢你的邀请，我们度过了一个愉快的夜晚。” Interpreter can express like this,“Thank you so much for inviting us, we had a wonderful night”.In this version “so much” is an exaggerated word.Another example is, when praising others, one usually addresses in this way, ”What a beautiful house!” or “What a cute boy”.Another example,“你觉得我们有机会合作这个项目么？”

Hopefully, let’s wait and see.Version1: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on the project?

希望可以，让我们边走边看。

Version2: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on this project?

希望能有这个合作机会，让我们边走边看。

Based on Approbation and Modesty Maxim, it is polite for the interpreter to maximize praise of the Chinese party.The Chinese party asks the question about the cooperation possibility in this situation.For some reasons, Without exact comment on the possibility, the foreigner gives an ambiguous answer to the question.Thus, the second version is recommended.2.2.2.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of agreement between oneself and 20

others.English speakers usually express disagreement in this way:“sorry”or“Excuse me”.For instance,A says,“I like these pictures, they are beautiful”.Then B says “Well, I don’t have any eye for beauty, I’m afraid”.From this example, it is easy to see that although B does not agree with A, he does not express that in a direct way, which not only decreases the conflict between them, but also increases the accordance with the speaker.That is to say, in order to make the listener happier, good details should be talked.For instance,“That was the great Oscar for John” and “That was the great news about John”.The first sentence brings more happiness to the listener.On the contrary, when we talk about some sad news, try to say some vague words instead of details.In western culture, the expression of “death” is a typical one.For example,“be asleep in the arms of God”“be taken to paradise and go to heaven”.Another example,“I was sorry to hear about your husband” is more polite than “I was sorry to hear about your husband’s death”.2.2.3 Choosing of expressions

Choosing of expressions means that during interpreting, an interpreter is likely to choose different ways to express the idea.Among these choices, he or she would find the most polite one according to politeness communicative principle, which includes the changing of sentence structure or custom of expression in different languages.The author would illustrate the point in following aspects.2.2.3.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim

Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.21

你看过那份计划了吗？

真不好意思，我昨天去看父母了。

Version1: Sorry, I went to visit my parents yesterday.Version2: Sorry, I haven’t seen it though, since I went to visit my parents yesterday.In this situation, the hidden meaning of Chinese speaker is that he hasn’t looked into the proposal yet.According to Chinese culture, the reason is given at first.However, person asks the question in order to know whether the proposal is seen though or not.Thus, in order to show respect to the leader, he or she had better choose the latter one to give the direct answer first and if time permits, giving reasons in a simple way.In this way, the modest attitude of speaker can be clearly reflected and thus gaining opinion of Chinese audience.2.2.3.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.That is all my speech, If you have any question concerning my speech, welcome.Version1: 我的演讲完毕，有问题可以问我。

Version2: 我的演讲完毕，如有问题，欢迎随时提问。

The original sentence is a traditional English way of expression with no offence.However, the translated version1 may seem a bit rude to the audience in China.Thus, although violating the literal meaning of the original words, interpreters maybe choose the latter one to show politeness and create a harmonious atmosphere.22

2.2.3.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

Under the direction of these two maxims, the author will list an example:

Do you agree with our arrangement?

Yes, the transportation and accommodation are great.Version1: 是的，交通和住宿都不错。

Version2: 安排的很好，尤其是住宿和交通。

In order to be polite, version2 chooses the expression “安排的很好”，which is not heightened in the original words.The change of expression adds the degree of agreement and sounds more agreeable than just saying“是的”.Therefore, the listener will be glad to your interpretation.3 Strategies for applying politeness communicative principle in interpretation

Since a great many researches have been done on the strategies whenever concerning politeness or subjectivity, the author is going to mention three of them simply.There are substitution when the speaker does not mention, treason when the speaker does mention but not polite to the audience and omission to name just a few.3.1 Substitution Interpretation needs substitution sometimes.Since it has already been proved that interpreter is able to cope with subjectivity, substitution cannot be avoided because of different languages, backgrounds, styles and so on.When comes to politeness communicative principle, substitution can be utilized in following: The key point of Tack and Generosity maxims is to reduce the cost of others.In some cases, people are not willing to talk about death, disease, body part and so on.23

Instead, they would use indirect words replacing them.For instance, “big C” stands for “cancer” “mentally handicapped” replaces “retarded”, “psychiatric hospital” rather than “mental hospital”.Concerning about unemployment, they would use the words: “unwaged, between jobs”.It’s good for one to try hard to agree with others,if not that matters, and it is the key issue of Agreement and Sympathy maxims.When one agrees with the other but he or she omits the words like “yes” or “sure” and directly continue the topic.On such occasions, it is greater if the interpreter say like “of course” or “definitely” to emphasize the agreement.Substitution can be found quite often in opening and end of speeches, informal lectures and interviews, which allows to establish harmonious atmosphere without influencing the content or final result.3.2 Treason In some occasions, if we translate the sentences literary, it would cause misunderstanding due to different cultural backgrounds.As bridge of communication, it is interpreter’s responsibility to promote better interactions, even sometimes not being loyalty to the original words.In order to maximize praise of others and minimize praise to oneself, interpreters may sometimes behave modest on behalf of the speaker.Such kind of situation can be found when communicative parties come from different cultural backgrounds.For instance, the Westerners tend to be direct while Chinese are used to behave modest.It is the guest speaker’s or sometimes interpreter’s responsibility to use words or concept of the host speakers and that can also be regarded as a kind of agreement to 24

the host party and its custom for sake of offering more agreement to others.Situations exist when parties hold different opinions toward one issue or when slip of tongue occurs.Interpreters should be pay attention to this strategy, be loyalty to the original words and pass on the meaning to the listeners.3.3 Omission Facing with difficulties in interpretation, omission is one of the strategies most often applied.Omission concludes deletion of words, phrases, sentences or even a paragraph.Here is an example: Please turn to page 20, maybe 22.let me see, yes, 25.Version1:请翻到书的20页，也许是22页，让我看看，第25页。

Version2:请翻到书的第25页。

It costs a lot for the audience to hear page 20, 22and 25 getting themselves busy in turning to pages that are not certain.Thus, it is wise and polite for the interpreter to slip to the final page which is quite certain, or else it will cause a confusing situation.However, this strategy is not proper in all conditions.When comes to important content, no random omission is allowed.Conclusion

Through this paper, the author draws the conclusion that it is very important and feasible to use politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Therefore, when interpreters understand preconditions of the principle and adopt related interpretation strategies, the interpreted version would be better.Since interpreters are already aware of the importance to be polite and feasibility to subjectivity.Besides, some possible ways to deal with subjectivity, interpretation strategies under the direction of politeness communicative principle are are listed in the paper.It is conductive to the improvement of the quality of interpretation and the development of interpreters themselves.Since this paper is done with the aid of many reference books and some papers, there may exist weakness and limitations during the process.Besides, there are causes that actually lead to these limitations: Firstly, as a college student, it is unlikely for the author to get in touch with interpreters in everyday life;Secondly, not doing or observing enough interpreting practice, it is impossible for the author to collect a large number of materials and cover all the areas.Finally, the author has little experience in interpretation, which causes the big trouble to perfect the paper.As a result, based on the materials available and current condition, the author tries best to make the paper reliable.The author hopes that the future researches can spare more efforts in the following aspects.Firstly, researches may collect as much materials as they can through all possible channels in future.If time permits, such kind of collection may 26

produce a more reliable research than this one.Secondly, there is no space and time left for strategies and suggestions.The author just lists three of them to name just a few.It is the hope of the author that future researcher can lay more emphasis on the strategy part to make this research more complete and systematic.Bibliography Brown.P &Levinson, S.Universals in Language Usage [J].Shanghai: Shanghai

Foreign Language Education Press, 1978.Gile, D.An Oral Translation of Oral Discourse [M].New York: Oxford University

Press, 1995.Grice, H.P.Logic and Conversation [J].New York: Academic Press, 1975.Hatim, B.&Mason, I.Discourse and Translator [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2001.Nida, E.A.Language, Culture and Translating [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2004.Pochhacker.F.Introducing Interpreting Studies [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2004.Zhong Shukong.A Practical Handbook of Interpretation [M].Beijing: Beijing

External Translation Press, 2001.顾曰国.跨文化交际 [M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.郭英珍.语用中的礼貌原则与口译的敬体形式 [J].华北水利水电学报, 2004(2).侯林平, 姜泗平.我国近十年来译者主体性研究的回顾与反思 [J].山东科技大

学学报, 2006(3).利奇.语义学 [M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1996.吕炳华.译者主体性的体现.[J] 山东外语外贸大学学报, 2005(1).戚伟燕.译者主体性的体现和强弱.[J] 杭州电子工业学院学报.2004(1).裘姬新.译者主体性及其制约因素 [J].河南科技大学学报, 2004(1).28

王晓雯.合作、礼貌原则与口译 [J].安徽冶金科技职业学院学报.2006(2).29

第三篇：浅谈激励理论在企业管理中的应用

浅谈激励理论在企业管理中的应用

改革开放三十年，我国社会主义市场经济不断发展，现代企业制度逐步建立起来。目前，我国实行的是按劳分配和按生产要素分配结合的分配制度，多劳多得，少劳少得，这在本质上是一种激励制度，以此激发劳动者的积极性和创造性。

自从国家取消大学生毕业分配工作的制度，实行自由择业以来，就业者和企业之间就形成了一种双向选择的关系。企业要吸引优秀人才的加入，要激励自己的员工更加努力地工作，更好地发挥创造力，提高企业的经济效益，就需要灵活有效地运用激励理论，以各种政策和福利，也包括各种奖惩措施，来刺激员工的积极性。成功企业和失败企业之间的真正区别,在于两者在多大程度上发挥了员工的最大天赋和能力。成功的领导者可以为员工创造施展天

①赋的舞台,而失败者则是有意无意地挫伤人的积极性。建立合理的激励机制的重要性已经被

越来越多的企业管理者所重视。

一、企业管理中为什么要引入激励

任何企业都是由人力资源将科学技术作用于生产资料，即发生劳动行为才能推动企业发展，并实现企业盈利的目的。由此可见人力资源所表现的积极性和创造性是企业动力和活力

②的源泉。企业每个员工的行为都带有个人利益的动机,为了实现个人利益而工作，而利益是调解人的行为的重要因索。因此，只有让员工个人目标与企业的大目标统一起来,使企业目标的实现与满足个人需要相一致,才能使员工个体的积极性和创造性得到充分发挥。

由此，企业在拥有人力资源和物质条件的同时,必须采取科学有效的激励机制,将员工的积极性和创造性充分调动起来。只有这样,企业才能提高经济效益，才具有兴旺发达的强大推动力,才有敢于竞争,善于竞争的生机和活力。

激励在企业管理中的作用主要表现在两个方面:

其一，激励可以调动员工工作积极性,提高企业绩效。企业有了好的绩效才能生存。在企业中,我们常常可以看到有些才能卓越的员工绩效却低于一些才能明显不如自己的人,可见好的绩效水平不仅仅取决于员工的个人能力,从“绩效函数”我们可以看到,个人绩效还与激励水平、工作环境有很大的关系。激励水平也是工作行为表现的决定性因素。员工能力再高,如果没有工作积极性,也不可能有良好的行为表现。因此，运用激励机制，可以提高企业员工的绩效，发挥其最大的能力，实现企业效益的最大化。

其二，激励可以挖掘人的潜力,提高人力资源质量。美国哈佛大学教授威廉·詹姆士研究发现,在缺乏激励的环境中,人的潜力只能发挥出20%一30%,如果受到充分的激励,他们的能力可发挥80%一90%,由此可见,旨在调动人的积极性的激励是人力资源开发和管理的基本途径和重要手段。企业每个员工的潜力都是巨大的，其潜在的绩效也是巨大的。因此，企业需要运用激励机制，最大程度地挖掘员工的潜力，提高人力资源的效益，才能在整体上提高企业的经济效益。

二、激励理论在企业管理中的运用

在企业管理工作中,把企业目标变成每个员工自己的需要,把集体利益与满足员工个人需要巧妙地结合起来,使他们积极自愿地工作,这是企业管理和管理者一项重要任务。正确地运用激励理论,可以有效地帮助管理者通过激发员工的动机,调动员工的积极性,从而完成管理工作的各项任务,研究激励理论最终目的也是服务于社会实践,在企业管理及各种管理中

③得到具体应用,并在实践中加以丰富和发展。要在企业管理工作中正确地运用激励理论对员

工进行激励,服务于企业管理，一般应从以下几个方面开展。

其一、企业管理者需要深入地了解员工的心理需求和人格类型。鉴于人的动机是由需要①《浅议企业管理中的激励机制》，任彩银，石家庄联合技术职业学院学术研究,2006年9月 ②《浅议企业管理中的激励机制》，任彩银，石家庄联合技术职业学院学术研究,2006年9月 ③《论激励理论在企业管理中的运用》，刁在亮，黑龙江科技信息，2008年24期1

引起的,对于管理者来讲,首先要准确的了解员工的需求，例如,政治上进步的需求、发挥才能需求、尊重和荣誉的需求等。管理者可以根据种种不同的需求,采取不同激励方式,满足不同员工的不同需求。对于前者，企业可以重于物质激励,而后者则经过创造良好的环境,发挥其聪明才智,通过各种途径让其获得自我实现所带来的各种满足。另外,员工人格类型也是管理者采取不同激励方式依据,人格类型可以划分为内向型和外向型两种。内向型的人态度指向内,受自主、能力、成就等需求的推动；外向型的人指向外,受追求权力、名望等需求的推动,他可能为了获取某一权力职位,辛勤劳动,不计较报酬和得失。不同类型员工会有不同的动机,作为管理者应针对不同的员工采取不同的激励方式。

其二、企业要善于改进员工的工作内容,使之丰富化,从而有效地提高员工的工作绩效。改进职工的工作内容,进行工作任务再设计,从而使职工从工作中感到成就、责任和成长,并且经常给予职工表扬和赏识,使他们感到自己受人重视和尊重。企业管理者应为职工设计出具有内在兴趣的工作任务,实行工作丰富化；在决定工作方法、工作秩序和速度等方面给予职工更大自由,或是让他们自行决定接受或拒绝某些资料或材料,使职工对自己工作有个人责任感；采取措施以确保人们能看到自己的工作对组织或部门所做出的贡献；把工作完成情况及时反馈给他们。总之,通过各种工作丰富化手段,激起职工内在积极自主性,发挥其潜能,为企业创造更多意想不到的效益同时,使员工获得心理上的满足,感到自己在企业中的重要性,激发更大热情,对企业管理者来说是非常重要的。

其三、企业决策者和管理者要善于设立合适的目标,充分有效地利用目标激励。期望值就是人们对某一事物估计情况,或对待事物在发展中可能达到的程度的一种主观愿望,在运用目标激励时,应充分注意期望值在其中所起的作用,合理目标,期望值较高,会使人产生想达到该目标的成就需要,对人具有强烈的激励作用。一般讲来,实际结果大于期望值,会使人高兴,增加信心,从而大大增加激发力量,实际结果等于期望值,属意料之中,毋需进一步激励,积极性能维持在期望值水平；实际结果小于期望值,则会产生挫折感,会使激励力量,失去作用。因此,管理者在进行目标激励时,不能使员工期望值过高或过低,否则期望值就不会起到应有的作用。过高不能实现,使人感到望而生畏,产生畏惧心里,不敢接受；过低非常容易实现,员工觉得是对自己能力的否定,不感兴趣。总之,设立合适有效的目标是非常重要的。

其四、在企业管理过程中,企业管理者需要善于合理有效地运用奖惩手段。对人们取得的工作成效给予奖励,会给人们的动机起到强化作用。因为这样可以使员工看到自己的成就得到了尊重,或取得了信任。奖励包括物质和精神奖励,二者要结合起来,偏向哪一头都会减少奖励的作用,奖励要注意:一是奖励要不断创新,给人以新鲜感和新的刺激；二是对员工的奖励要尽量扩大社会影响,包括通过一定的形式,使其家属分享荣誉；三是在奖励的同时,还要采用惩罚手段予以辅助,以教育那些或阻碍组织目标实现的个别人员。当然惩罚要严格按政策、按规章制度执行,做到严肃慎重,合理得当,使受罚人心悦诚服,化消极因素为积极因素。在奖惩手段上,要以奖励为主,以罚为辅助手段,不能过多运用惩罚手段,特别是处罚理由不充分时,会使员工产生敌对情绪,有时甚至对组织目标实现起破坏作用。

其五、企业要创造公平的竞争环境,真正实行按劳分配。当员工对自己的付出和所得,或在竞争某些职位时,经过综合衡量后,感到自己的付出比他人多,而所得的反比他人少,自己有能力获得某一个职位,但由于企业及企业管理者选拔标准不明确,或含有复杂的人际关系,而得不到某一职位,员工感到强烈不公平,不合理,内心产生不平衡、受委屈,自尊心也会受到挫折,不满情绪油然而生。作为领导者,尽可能公正、无私地对待每一位同志,要一视同仁,尤其是在工资、奖金、职称、住房等敏感问题上做到公平合理,因为这些东西都是职工最关心的并且是看得见的,摸得着的。针对这种情况要加强对工资和奖励分配制度的科学研究,而且还要在人事考核与评价的技术上下功夫,使对工作绩效的考核更加客观和科学,从而更好地贯彻按劳分配的原则。简而言之，企业管理者必须要坚持“赏不遗远，罚不阿近”的原

则，一定要一碗水端平，切忌偏袒徇私。

其六、企业还需要加强企业文化建设,增强员工凝聚力,提高员工的自信心。企业文化是连结和维系组织内部人与人之间关系的纽带,可以激励全体成员自信自强,团结进取,使员工自主管理,自我诊断,自我启发,自我完善,可以调动组织及员工积极性和主动性，全体职工向着一个目标去去实现个人的奋斗。加强企业文化建设形式和途径多种多样,像“爱厂如家”的标语,企业搞优质服务等。企业应针对不同的情况采取不同的方法,切实搞好企业文化建设。

其七、企业管理者要善于根据实际情况灵活地运用各种不同的激励方式。激励方式是多种多样的。并且由于年龄、性别、资历、社会地位和经济条件等方面各不相同,所接受的激励方式也不尽相同。对同一种奖励不同的人,所体验到的“效价”是不同的。管理者应根据不同的实际情况,灵活地运用各种不同的激励方式,切记把激励方式模式化、公式化,否则激励就成为没有内容的形式,不会收到应有的效果。所以,企业管理者应根据不同员工的不同情况,灵活多样的采取各种激励方式。

三、在企业管理中加强激励应注意的问题

激励机制是一个复杂的有机体系，激励机制的运用也是一个复杂的系统工程，需要在千头万绪中理清思绪，建立企业自己的激励制度。因此，企业经营者和管理者，需要很高的素质，在具体的实施过程中，要注意很多问题。

④其一，物质激励与精神激励相结合,以精神激励为主。物质激励与精神激励是激励的两

种不同类型,是相辅相成、缺一不可的。只强调物质激励而忽视精神激励或只强调精神激励而忽视物质激励,都是片面和错误的。企业管理中,我们有许多人总认为有钱才会有干劲,有实惠才能有热情,精神激励是镜中花，水中月,空对空。由于这种片面的理解,致使一部分人斤斤计较,唯利是图,甚至弄虚作假,违法乱纪。为了避免以上两种片面行为的发生,防止“单打一”现象的出现,在激励中一定要物质激励和精神激励相结合。在这一点上,在每个企业甚至在其他领域也存在这种问题。在20世纪60、70年代,过于强调精神作用,人民饿着肚子干革命,讲精神多而讲物质少，结果是生产力的极度落后，人们生活水平极低，而且增长缓慢。而改革开放以来,则讲物质的多,讲精神的少,以致使部分人“穷得只剩了钱”,缺少了人性和善良,给社会主义精神文明建设造成了不利影响,最终制约或阻碍了企业发展和社会的进步。对于这种现象,其原因之一就是没有把物质激励和精神激励二者关系处理好,片面的强调一方面而忽视另一方面。

其二，正激励与负激励相结合,以正激励为主正激励是从正的方面予以激励,负激励从反

⑤方向予以刺激。俗话说，“小功不奖,则大功不立；小过不戒,则大过必生”，这句话讲的就

是这个道理。在企业管理中只有做到奖功罚过、奖优罚劣、奖勤罚懒,才能使先进受到奖励,后进受到鞭策,真正调动起员工的工作热情,形成人人争先进局面。只有坚持正激励和负激励相结合方针,才会形成一种激励合力,真正产生激励作用。在激励过程中,应多采用正激励的方式,对工作予以肯定,能唤起员工的增力情绪,调动其积极情感；少采用负激励方式,如批评、指责的方式,以减少人的减力情绪,克服其消极情感。

四、结束语

现代社会奉行市场经济的原则，利益始终是各个市场主体的追求目标。这个利益，既包括实际的金钱方面的物质利益，也包括荣誉、地位和权利等方面的非物质的利益。为了利益，人们会发挥自己最大的积极性去实现自己追求的目标，发挥最大的创造力是获取自己的向往的预期。激励理论，通俗地说，就是基于人的这种对利益的追逐的本能而实现运转的。④《论激励理论在企业管理中的运用》，刁在亮，黑龙江科技信息，2008年24期 ⑤《论激励理论在企业管理中的运用》，刁在亮，黑龙江科技信息，2008年24期

激励是现代企业管理中最重要、最基本的职能。伴随着经济发展的全球化以及市场竞争的日趋激烈化，如果企业在管理中能够有效运用激励理论，不但能给企业带来巨大经济效益，而且能为社会带来一定的社会效益，其效果越来越明显。企业必须重视对员工的激励，使员工的积极性、主动性和创造性得到充分发挥，不断努力学习和创新。企业必须根据实际情况，综合运用多种激励机制，把激励的手段和目的结合起来，改变思维模式，建立起适应企业特色、时代特点和员工需求的开放的激励体系，才能在激烈市场竞争中立于不败之地。

参考书目：

1.《激励在现代企业管理中的重要作用》，杨勇 林会云 高庆国，煤炭技术，2008年4月

2.《论激励理论在企业管理中的运用》，刁在亮，黑龙江科技信息，2008年24期

3.《浅议企业管理中的激励机制》，任彩银,石家庄联合技术职业学院学术研究,2006年9月

4.《论激励理论在企业管理中的应用》，刘燕，现代商贸工业，2008年第七期

5.《浅谈企业管理中的激励原则和激励措施》，黄其坤，时代经贸，2008年7月 ⑥⑥《激励在现代企业管理中的重要作用》，杨勇 林会云 高庆国，煤炭技术，2008年4月

第四篇：激励理论在管理中的应用

激励理论在管理中的应用

摘要：激励理论是领导者在管理中必须首当其冲的的战略。激励因素不仅是应用在企业管理中，现在的教育者对受教育人群的管理措施采用激励理论也是一个必要的环节。因为追求生活的需要是人的一种本能，所以每一个人都有最基本的、与生俱来的需要。作为企业的管理者，首先就应该洞察员工的最基本需求，给员工最基本的生活保障，如今激励的目标大都定位在员工的物质、薪金、职位等方面，其实激励在于平常的一点一滴，成功的管理者应该是最优秀的激励者。(205)

关键词 ：激励

激励理论

激励应用

企业管理

引言：管理心理学的宗旨就是研究人类心理和行为的规律性,调动人们的工作积极性。激励理论就是为实现这一目标的理论，所以激励理论在管理心理学中有重要的地位。根据目前我国的企业人才应用形势来看，在人才竞争的巨大压力下，有效管理和开发人才资源在很大程度上都依赖于企业战略、整体结构与文化、管理等对员工的调动、吸引、激励的程度。能否最大程度的开发员工的天赋与能力是企业成败的关键性指标。(184)

美国著名学者詹姆士发现：一个人的能力在平时的表现和经过激励的表现几乎差一倍。在企业中，每一个人都有自己的潜能，只是需要伯乐去挖掘、去开发，而管理者则需要担当好伯乐的角色，去激励自己的员工，充分调动员工的积极性、主动性和创造性，发挥员工的潜能，从而更好的为企业效力，以提高企业生产效率，为企业创造更大的利润。(153)

一、激励

激励是激发和鼓励人朝着所期望的目标采取行动的过程。行为、动机、激励这三方面在管理战略中具有密不可分的关系，人是有理性思考的，人的行为同时很大程度上也会受感情的支配，而且许多情感是人很难控制的，如果管理者能够感觉到员工的某些行为，则会发现其无法控制的动机。动机是驱使人产生某种行为的内在力量，是个体和环境相互作用的结果。形成动机的条件有：内在的需要、欲望；外部的诱导、刺激。其中内在的需要是使人产生某种动机的根本原因。所以动机也能趋势人的行为，激励人有更高的目标。激励在企业管理中具有相当大的作用，所以激励理论是企业管理者的一门必修课。(267)

二、激励理论

激励理论分为需要层次理论、双因素理论、ERG理论。

（一）需要层次

马斯洛认为根据人的社会地位、年龄阶段、教育程度等方面的不同，人类需要的强度并不都是相等的，他将人的需要由低到高分为五种类型：

1、生理需要；

2、安全需要；

3、归属和爱的需要；

4、尊重的需要；

5、自我实现的需要。这五个层次，是一个由低到高逐级形成并逐级得以满足的。生理需要与安全、保障需要称为较低级的需要，而社交、归宿需要、尊重需要与自我实现需要称为高级的需要。

每个人都有这五个层次的需要，只是年龄阶段不同，所需求的时期也就会有差别，社会地位和教育程度的不同，需求的程度也会有区分。而且，当低层次的需求得到满足后，高层次的需求才会被追求。

（二）双因素理论

双因素理论是美国的行为科学家赫茨伯格提出来的，又称激励保健理论。双因素理论认为引起人们工作动机的因素主要有两个：一是保健因素，二是激励因素。

• 保健因素：保健因素是指造成员工不满的因素，它包括组织政策、监督方式、人际关系、工作环境和工资等因素。保健因素不能得到满足，则易使员工产生不满情绪、消极怠工，甚至引起罢工等对抗行为；但在保健因素得到一定程度改善以后，无论再如何进行改善的努力往往也很难使员工感到满意，因此也就难以再由此激发员工的工作积极性。

• 激励因素：激励因素主要是指能造成员工感到满意的因素，包括成就感、别人的认可、工作本身、责任和晋升等因素。如果激励因素能够得到改善，则会使员工感到满意，能够极大地激发员工工作的热情，提高劳动生产效率；但激励因素即使管理层不给予其满意满足，往往也不会因此使员工感到不满意。

★ 赫茨伯格的双因素理论和马斯洛的需要层次理论，既有区别，又有联系。需要层次理论针对的是人类的需要和动机，而双因素理论则针对满足这些需要的目标或诱因。保健因素相当于低层次生理需要、安全需要，激励因素相当于高层次归属和爱的需要、尊重的需要、自我实现的需要。(126)

（三）ERG理论

奥尔德佛提出，认为人有三种核心需要：生存需要、关系需要、成长需要，各种需要可以同时具有激励作用。同时提出挫折退化的观点，认为如果较高层次的需要得不到满足，对满足低层次需要的欲望就会加强。

三、激励理论在管理上的应用

管理者要调动员工的积极性，就要考虑员工不同层次的需要，不仅要注意工资、工作环境等保健因素，使员工产生不满，更为重要的是利用工作本身对员工价值这类激励因素去激发其工作热情，要去激励员工，必须重视员工的成就感、认同感、责任感以及个人成长等方面。根据社会各方面调查，企业一般是从以下几个方面着手激励员工：目标激励、角色激励、物质激励、竞争激励、信息激励、奖惩激励、参与激励、情感激励、晋升与调职激励、示范激励。(202)

无论企业选择什么样的激励的方法，都必须要运用到实际中才有用，才会让企业的生命力更加旺盛。作为管理者，你首先要让你的员工爱上他的工作，他才会做好他的工作，这就需要企业做到：(85)

（一）给员工提供一个好的工作场所，工作的环境是他们随时都能感受到的，如果环境不佳，则会使员工对工作的情绪不佳，无心投入到工作中去，所以让员工有好的心情去工作，这样公司的业绩肯定会有所增长。

（二）根据员工的性格特点、技术能力、学识程度，给他们适当的工作岗位，让他们发挥到自己的特长，当他们能够学以所有的时候，就会有种存在感，并且会有更加积极的情绪去为企业效力。

（三）给员工竞争、培训的机会，进入二十一世纪，知识和科技竞争剧烈的时代，一切都更新过快，一个企业要在这样的环境下占据一席之地就必须不断学习，而这对于员工来说就是机会，不同的工作内容会使人不断的产生新鲜感，同时也会让他们看到自己的不足，虚心在企业中工作、学习。

（四）不仅要有正面的激励，也要有负面的激励。正面激励让员工互相学习，努力进取，负面激励可以更好的使员工有责任感、意识感的同时也能激励他们不断地完善自己。

（五）对薪酬做出合理的计划，在公平的前提下，使酬薪有激励性。首先，企业应当根据市场变化适当的提升薪酬，其次，还要根据每个人的工作量、业绩等方面的不同，拉开其薪酬层次，但是要把握住一个度，不能有太大的差距，否则就会让员工感觉不公平。将薪酬分为固定部分和可活动部分，不同时期进行适当的调整。

（六）使管理者和员工之间建立一定的交流空间，了解员工的情绪性变化，给其支持和鼓励，相互理解，使员工对企业有归属感，进而全身心的投入到工作中去。(七）根据不同的企业设立不同的员工自由活动区间。例如，客服工作者每天的工作让其身心会受到很大的压力，这时企业应该给员工一个发泄的空间，鼓励他们不要压抑自己的情绪，同时也不可能让这种情绪影响到其他人，当他们重新回到工作中时又是一个崭新的自己，从而企业的整体形象也得到了保障。(732)

四、企业管理者的成功案例

1.沃尔玛公司是世界上雇员最多的企业，有8500家门店，分布于全球15个国家，２００１年、２００２年，连续名列《财富》杂志５００强榜首。巨大的成功离不开独特的激励机制——把员工视为合伙人。其总裁吉姆・沃尔顿尤其重视人才的应用，它曾说过：“高技术的设备离开了高层的管理人员以及为了整个系统尽心竭力工作的员工是完全没有价值的。”由此可见，在他的管理理念中对于员工尤其重视。山姆将“员工是合伙人”这个激励机制具体化的政策分为三个计划：利润分享计划、雇员持股计划和损耗奖励计划。通过他为公司制定的一系列有效政策，让员工也成为企业重要的一部分，使员工感觉到的不仅仅是个人利益，而是将个人利益巧妙的融入到整体利益之中，正式这出色的组织、激励机制以及独特的发展战略，使得沃尔玛成在世界上众多企业中成为最具光环之一的企业。(347)

2.“考核和奖金”通用电气公司用奖优惩劣来提高员工的积极性，包括提高工资、晋升职务、发给奖金等方法来激励员工上进，而他们才采取的这项措施被要求需要严格的考核，如果存在漏洞的话，则会产生不公平性，使员工的积极性受到挫伤。职工经考核之后，分为杰出、优秀、良好、合格、不合格五个等级，并分别给予不同的奖励或处罚，同时奖金也是通用电气公司的一种激励手段。惩罚措施对于这样庞大的企业来说也是必不可少的，有奖励有惩罚不仅在激励员工的同时也适当的约束其行为。(221)

3.日本丰田公司汽车产量居世界第三，仅次于美国的通用汽车公司和福特汽车公司，１９９９年位居《财富》杂志５００强第十位。丰田公司的经营宗旨是“事业在于人”，由此可看出他对管理人的重视。其不限于高工资、高福利等物质的激励手段，他们还认为只有当员工觉得自己的能力得以发挥、自己的想法和工作成果得到企业和大家承认的时候，才会有更大的干劲。因此，丰田公司为了各方面的激励员工，建立了“申报制度和建议制度”。丰田公司为了鼓励职工提出自己的想法，规定建议一经采纳即给予其奖金奖励，因此调动了员工的积极性，为企业提出了很多的具有建设性的意见，也很大程度上促进了企业的发展。丰田公司采取的措施使员工之间有充分交流的机会，互相探讨，增加企业员工之间的凝聚力，继而之为企业获取利益。(329)

4.海尔集团的激励体制使其从一个名不见经传的濒临破产的小企业成为世界一流的大企业，海尔的激励体制主要分为两方面：物质激励和精神激励。他不仅从奖金、升职等方面鼓励员工，更注重对员工创造价值的认可，当海尔把一个普通工人发明的一项产品，以这位工人的名字命名时，在工人中很快就兴起了技术革新之风。例如：工人李启明发明的焊枪被命名为“启明焊枪”，杨晓玲发明的扳手被命名为“晓玲扳手”。这一精神上的激励措施在很大程度上激发了普通员工对创新的激情，此后则不断的出现员工创造的成果，使员工对自己的工作有意识无意识的产生了一种热情，也让企业的技术从最基本的方面开始革新。(275)结束语：在飞速发展的今天，若一个公司想要在这个众多企业纷纷云起的时代立足扎根，就必须有自己独特的战略。其中，激励理论的应用就是必须拥有的策略之一，激励是现代企业管理中最重要、最基本的职能。企业必须重视对员工的激励，使员工的积极性、主动性和创造性得到充分发挥，不断努力学习和创新，综合运用不同种激励机制，把激励的手段和目的结合起来，改变思维模式，建立起适应企业特色、时代特点和员工需求的开放的激励体系，才能在激烈市场竞争中立于不败之地。(213)

参考书目： 1柳菁：《激励理论在企业管理中的应用》,2012年第29期

2德鲁克:《管理：任务、责任、实践》, 华夏出版社;2008年5月1日第1版 3杨勇 林会云 高庆国:《激励在现代企业管理中的重要作用》，煤炭技术，2008 年4月

4刁在亮:《论激励理论在企业管理中的运用》，黑龙江科技信息，2008年24 期

5任彩银:《浅议企业管理中的激励机制》，石家庄联合技术职业学院学术研究,2006年9月 6黄其坤:《浅谈企业管理中的激励原则和激励措施》，时代经贸，2008年7月 7德鲁克:《卓有成效的管理者》，机械工业出版社，2009年9月1日 8马斯洛：《人的动机理论》，科学普及出版社，1943年出版 网络文章：

1宗和：世界名企员工激励成功案例

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/55a4f44f2b160b4e767fcffb.html 2赵云鹏：浅谈激励理论 http://

第五篇：浅谈体育教学中激励艺术的应用

浅谈体育教学中激励艺术的应用

学生在体育课上“身顺心背”和有“厌烦”情绪的现象是普遍存在的，主要是教师用固定的教学模式和方法，给学生带来了很大的负面影响，限制了学生的思维和想象力，失去对体育课的兴趣，没有达到体育课所要求的多种教育的作用。而激励教育，做为一门教学艺术，在教学中灵活运用，不仅能够融洽师生关系，也能充分调动学生学习的积极性，把体育课上得生动、活泼、有实效。体育教学中常用的激励方式有以下几种：

一、融通式激励

学生是有感情需要的，从上第一堂体育课开始，他们就需要从教师那里得到尊重、友爱、温暖、情谊和教诲。当这种情感得到满足后，他们便会以更大的激情上好体育课。这种情感建立在师生情感交融的基础上。教师和学生之间和感情包括情感和信息两个方面，感情和信息融通了，可以增强师生之间的相互信任和了解的程度。如在教学中多接触学生，照顾学生，关心学生，与学生讨论，允许学生提问，由此养成师生间良好的学风，也养成了师生间深厚的感情，从而产生了人格感化的重大作用。

二、参与式激励

行为科学研究的结果表明，参与管理、参与决策，是人的一种自我实现的需要，是精神方面的一种高层次的需求。从这一原理出发，教师在备课过程中就要倾听学生的呼声，了解学生的要求，收集学生的建议，让学生献策，让学生参与备课。这样备出来的课，肯定是从实际出发，集思广益，教师教得自在，学生学得称心。

三、期望式激励

在体育教学中，表现特别好的学生，最大的期望莫过于得到教师恰如其分地评价和鼓励：有某些过失的学生，最害怕的莫过于受到教师的挖苦和冷遇。遇到上述情况，正确的做法应是：该表扬的，就实事求是地给予表扬，并提出新的期望，鼓励其向更高的目标迈进；有过失的，论过要适度，动之以情，晓之以理，激发其补缺改过的动机和行为。

四、勉励式激励

这是体育教师经常运用的教育手段之一。现代管理学研究的结果表明，以勉励的口气布置任务，可以充分利用人的自尊心和荣誉感，使其潜在的能力得到最大限度的发挥。生硬的命令，一开始就剥夺了学生的主动性和创造性，降低了他们的活动热情。如教师布置学生跳高：“你们必须给我跳过去，跳不过去的要受罚！”学生听了心里不舒服，带着顾虑练习，效果肯定不会好。如果换成勉励式布置：“同学们要大胆地练习，跳不过去没关系，我再继续辅导你们。”同学们听了不但乐意去练习，而且练习时没有心理负担，练习效果肯定比前者要好。

五、宽容式激励

课堂上，师生之间产生矛盾是常有的现象。遇到这种情况，首先，教师要容人之短，不怀成见。教师的宽容是育人的前提，是妥善解决矛盾、融洽师生关系的基础。其次，教师对学生要热情教诲，以情感人。若采取“以牙还牙”的办法，必然激化矛盾，破坏师生关系，严重影响教学。

六、影响式激励

影响式激励主要表现在教师自身的模范作用上。课堂上，教师懒懒散散，学生就会有令不行，有禁不止；教师严于律己，要求学生做到的，自己首先做到，学生就会模仿老师，严格要求自己。教师的表率行为，具有很大的感召力，能对学生产生有力的感情激励作用。